Purpose: The study aims to determine the effect of mobile health applications on the health literacy of individuals. Methods: The study is a prospective, cross-sectional survey using a quantitative method. A questionnaire form consisting of a socio-demographic part of 15 questions and a part of the "Health Literacy Index" with 25 statements was used in the research. The study population consists of a total of 450,496 people between the ages of 18-40 living in Samsun. The number of samples for the study was determined as 384, and it was conducted online on a total of 431 people using the convenience sampling method between 22.09.2021 and 20.10.2021. Results: There are significant differences between E-Nabız application usage status and access to information sub-dimension, appraisal sub-dimension, and general health literacy level. There is a significant difference between the participants' use of HES application and access to information sub-dimension, understanding information sub-dimension, appraisal sub-dimension, application sub-dimension, and general health literacy levels. There is a significant difference between gender status and access to information sub-dimension, understanding information sub-dimension, appraisal sub-dimension, practice sub-dimension, and general health literacy levels. Conclusion: Women have a higher level of health literacy than men, and individuals aged 26-40 have more increased access to information than individuals aged 18-25. In addition, individuals who actively use the E-Nabız application and HES application have a higher level of health literacy than those who do not actively use it. Keywords: E-Nabız, health literacy, HES, mobile health applications.

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Balint groups were put forward by Michael Balint, who studied the physician-patient relationship with its deep dimensions in the 1950s. The Balint group method consists of case presentations and general discussions that emphasize the emotional content of physician-patient relationships following the case presentation. One of the aims of establishing Balint groups is to help health professionals and medical students develop empathy skills to reduce communication difficulties between people. Today, worldwide widely used in a manner Approaches of Balint Group, was not given sufficient importance in Turkey. Today, although many scientific studies have been published about Balint groups, there is not any work published in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to discuss the results of some studies about the Balint Group Method and to explain the definition, content, and application of this method in family medicine. It is known that the Balint Group Method contributes greatly to the increase of physicians' empathy levels and to decrease their burnout levels. Nowadays, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, healthcare workers have quite tiring and difficult days and their burnout levels are increasing considerably. According to the results of the study, the application of the Balint Group Method by physicians in Covid-19 and the following period will contribute to better physician-patient relations as well as reduce the burnout levels of physicians. In Turkey, the introduction of the Balint Group Method, implementation, and inclusion in educational curricula are recommended. Also, it is recommended that physicians who have experienced the Balint Group Method contribute to the increase of the physician-patient relationship by making these experiences into scientific publications, sharing the results with the literature. As a result of the literature review, the implementation of this method in the virtual environment during the pandemic period and its spread throughout the world will make the application of this method even easier.

Although genetics and cumulative mechanical stress on an immature skeleton have been proposed to play a role in the development of the limbus vertebra (LV), there is no data concerning the actual degree of bone strength and bone loss in patients with LV. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women with LV and compare with age-and body mass index-matched women. Method: This study was carried out on 171 women (aged 40-49 years) with LV and 190 women without LV. Lumbar spine BMD values were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: A total of 361 patients were included in the study. The mean total BMD value was significantly lower (0.876 ± 0.155 vs. 0.966 ± 0.187 g/cm2, p < 0.0001), and the mean T-score value was significantly higher (-1.6 ± 1.41 vs.-0.8 ± 1.71, p < 0.0001) in patients with LV. Although the frequency of both osteopenia and osteoporosis were higher in patients with LV, the difference reached statistical significance only for osteoporosis (p = 0.007). Conclusions: Women with LV have lower BMD values and higher osteoporosis rates than age-and BMImatched controls; therefore, osteoporosis should be evaluated in these patients.

Objective: A better understanding of the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of brain damage in hydrocephalus is vital in developing diagnostic, observational and treatment tools that will have an impact on hydrocephalus outcomes. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the radiological, biomechanical and histopathological characteristics of rat brain tissue in an experimental hydrocephalus model. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old, weighing between 150 and 200 grams) were used in this study. Animals were randomly assigned to control (n = 6), 1-week hydrocephalus (n = 10), 2-week hydrocephalus (n = 10) and 3-week hydrocephalus (n = 10) groups. Hydrocephalus was induced with cisternal kaolin injection and controls received sham injection. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure ventricle size and cortical thickness. Vital signs, cerebral blood flow (CBF), mechanical tests and brain histology were assessed. Results: Three rats in the hydrocephalus group died during the follow-up, yielding an overall mortality of 10% among animals from hydrocephalus groups. Ventricular width, cross-sectional area of the lateral ventricles, ventricular index and ventricle / brain area ratio progressively increased and cortical thickness progressively decreased following kaolin injection. CBF was significantly lower at baseline than at 1st, 2nd and 3rd week (p < 0.05, for all). ICP was significantly elevated in all hydrocephalic groups in comparison with controls. EIT that was calculated from the first load-unload indentation test showed a significant increase at 2nd week post-injection (p=0.0001), indicating increased intracranial stiffness. However, this significant difference disappeared at 3rd week (p=0.956). Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed that hydrocephalic brains demonstrated significantly less NeuN-positive cells and significantly higher IBA-1-positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein positive astrocytes cells in the cortex. Discussion and Conclusion: Cisternal kaolin injection causes varying degrees of ventricular enlargement in a rat model and hydrocephalus might contribute to neuronal and axonal damage and alter brain stiffness through axonal stretching or local hypoperfusion progressively over a period of days to months. As shown in this study, irreversible changes in viscoelastic behaviour and cellular structure develop in the late stages of hydrocephalus, suggesting the importance of early intervention in the treatment of hydrocephalus.