The presence of a large amount of root residues after harvesting corn creates problems for the processing of the field. On the basis of field and laboratory studies, the character of weediness and the main physical and morphological characteristics of rhizomes were revealed. Analysis of the variation curves of the dimensional characteristics of root residues and the mass graphical dependences of rhizomes made it possible to develop a general approach to freeing fields from plant residues of corn.
Use of corn for energy purposes has high potential. To ensure the sustainable arrival of raw materials the possibility of using it as monoculture is important. To do it is necessary to quickly release the field from plant residues. The results of the study of the state and analysis of the nature of the field weediness by leaf-stem and root residues after harvesting corn are given taking into account the possibility of further use of the field for growing energetic corn.
Fatty acid monoglycerides are a valuable component of the products of various industries. The emulsifying ability of monoglycerides is used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food production. The process of fatty acid monoglycerides obtaining by the reaction of vegetable hydrogenated fat (salomas) with glycerol (glycerolysis method) has been studied. Potassium glycerate is used as a catalyst, which is characterized by high efficiency and safety of production and use. A feature of the work is the study of the dependence of the yield and melting point of monoglycerides on the technological parameters of glycerolysis. As a raw material, hydrogenated refined fat according to DSTU 5040 (CAS Number 68334-28-1) was used: melting point – 48 °C, mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 0.08 %, acid value – 0.25 mg KOH/g, peroxide value – 2.8 ½ O mmol/kg. In all experiments, the glycerolysis temperature was 180 °C, the catalyst concentration – 0.5 % in terms of metal. Rational conditions for glycerolysis were determined: duration (90 min.) and glycerol concentration (50 %). Under these conditions, the monoglycerides yield was 32.9 %, melting point – 61.5 °C. The mass fraction of free glycerol in monoglycerides was 1.0 %, acid value – 2.2 mg KOH/g. The efficiency of monoglycerides obtaining using potassium hydroxide and glycerol mixture as a catalyst under certain rational conditions has been studied. The monoglycerides yield of 30.1 %, melting point of 59 °C were obtained. Therefore, the use of potassium glycerate catalyst is more efficient. The results of the study make it possible to improve the technology for the production of fatty acid monoglycerides using a new catalyst and use resources rationally
The process of sodium glyceroxide obtaining by the reaction of glycerol and sodium hydroxide in the form of an aqueous solution was investigated. Glycerol salts (metal glyceroxides) are important components in the synthesis of many compounds. Glyceroxides are used in the chemical industry, construction, medical practice, etc. Glyceroxides of alkali metals are used in the production of modified fats and biodiesel fuel. P.a.-grade glycerol (CAS Number 56-81-5) was used with a mass fraction of the main substance of 99.5 %. The parameters of sodium hydroxide (CAS Number 1310-73-2) were studied: the mass fraction of the main substance is 98.0 %, the mass fraction of sodium carbonate is 0.5%. Rational conditions for sodium glyceroxide obtaining were determined: temperature (145 °C) and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (65 %). Under these conditions, the mass fraction of the main substance in the product was 80 %. The melting point (72 °C) and mass fraction of moisture (0.3 %) in sodium glyceroxide were determined. The catalytic activity of the product in the process of transesterification of palm olein was tested. The increase in the melting point of palm olein was 15 °C. Under similar conditions of using potassium glyceroxide with a mass fraction of the main substance of 75.77 %, the increase in the melting point is 12.1 °C. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the transesterification process using sodium glyceroxide obtained by the developed technology. The research results make it possible to produce sodium glyceroxide under rational conditions with a high mass fraction of the main substance at enterprises that use metal glyceroxides as a production component or commercial product. The determined rational conditions will make it possible to effectively use the company's resources and predict the quality of the final product
Обґрунтовано агротехнічні вимоги до підготовки грунту під сівбу зернових культур. Встановлено, що при вирощуванні зернових культур на дерново-підзолистих, середньо- та важко суглинкових ґрунтах оптимальні умови росту і розвитку були при щільності ґрунту 1,20-1,30 г/см3. Корені пшениці не проникають в ґрунт, щільність якого перевищує 1,63 г/см3, а пористість нижча за 38%. При об’ємній масі ґрунту 0,86-0,90 г/см3 врожайність рослин також зменшується. Обробіток ґрунту дає змогу активно впливати на мікробіологічні процеси, які протікають в ньому. За дослідженнями вчених, ґрунтові мікроорганізми забезпечують рослини фосфорними і калійними добривами у легкодоступній формі та щорічно засвоюють з повітря близько 100 млн. т. азоту. Ці мікроорганізми виділяють різні фізіологічно-активні речовини – ауксин, гіберелін, вітаміни, які спонукають рослину до розвитку. Важливе значення при цьому відіграє спосіб обробітку ґрунту. Аналізуючи дослідні дані встановлено, що при виборі того чи іншого способу обробітку слід враховувати перш за все конкретні ґрунтово-кліматичні умови, наявність в ґрунті вологи й органічних речовин, особливості розміщення кореневої системи вирощуваних культур. Оптимальні умови водного і повітряного режимів створюються в ґрунтах з дрібно грудочкуватою і зернистою структурою, так як між агрегатними частинами знаходяться проміжки, які заповнені повітрям або дрібним ґрунтом у вигляді пилу. Агрономічно цінною є тільки така структура, що забезпечує родючість ґрунту.
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