Signed in 2002, the ASEAN Haze Treaty is expected to reduce transboundary haze pollution and improve regional environmental governance. Indonesia plays a vital role in the implementation of the Treaty's goals. It has the largest forest and peatland area in Southeast Asia. Yet, its repeated forest and land fires had often caused transboundary pollution. Since 2016 the Indonesian Government has improved its national laws and strengthened institutional aspects of peatland protection. The peatland ecosystem is essential because it is prone to burning. Unfortunately, few studies describe how these policy changes have impacted fire prevention in degraded peatland ecosystems. This article scrutinizes the political factors behind the legal and institutional changes in Indonesia's peatland governance during 2016-2020. The theory of legal culture becomes the primary reference in this regard. This article then identifies six predominant factors in peatland law improvement: strong leadership, improved coordination at the national and sub-national levels, making operational directives, establishing a specialized Government institution dealing with peatland restoration, law enforcement, and the strength of civil society in doing public oversight.

ejak 2015, Pemerintah Indonesia mengintensifkan pencegahan dan penanggulangan kebakaran lahan gambut. Sebanyak 35% areal terbakar tahun 2015 dari ekosistem gambut. Penegakan hukum terhadap pembakaran lahan semakin dipertegas. Namun demikian, banyak masyarakat terbiasa melakukan pembakaran untuk menurunkan tingkat keasaman tanah. Perlindungan terhadap kearifan lokal dalam kegiatan pembakaran lahan telah diberikan Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Hal ini menimbulkan kontradiksi antara penegakan hukum dengan perlindungan kearifan lokal. Paper ini membahas upaya menyelaraskan penegakan hukum dengan perlindungan kearifan lokal. Melalui penelitian sosio-legal yang menggabungkan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan participatory action research, paper ini mengusulkan untuk meninjau ulang konsep kearifan lokal pada ekosistem yang rusak. Disimpulkan bahwa kearifan lokal memerlukan adaptasi. Di samping itu, penegakan hukum perlu diimbangi dengan pemberdayaan hukum dan pendampingan teknologi pertanian agar tidak menimbulkan pelanggaran hak-hak fundamental pada masyarakat. Kata kunci: gambut; kearifan lokal; kebakaran hutan dan lahan; paralegal; pemberdayaan hukum.

The Covid-19 pandemic currently infecting the world population comes from the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) transmitted initially from animals to humans, then between humans. This disease is referred to as zoonosis. Covid-19 discourse is generally about zoonotic transmission from animals to humans. Not much attention has been given to the potential transmission from humans to animals. In several countries, cases indicating the exposures of animals with the Coronavirus have been found. Thus, a discussion on the vulnerability of exposure to animals with the Coronavirus is significant to scientifically discussed. Unfortunately, concerns about this problem are still voiced by the mass media. Limited studies have been found, especially in Legal Science. In Indonesia, the Covid-19 incidence has hit more than 200 thousand people, one of the highest in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, animal protection policy is not part of the national program of Covid-19 Control. Indonesia has several laws and regulations concerning animal welfare and zoonosis control. This article presents our study's findings investigating how the animal welfare law is applicable to protect the animals from Covid-19. Using the method of normative legal analysis, we found several weaknesses in the legal norms. We also observed how the ethics of anthro-pocentrism and ecocentrism compete in animal welfare laws.

AbstrakKementerian Kehutanan (sekarang berganti menjadi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan) sedang menjalankan program percepatan pengukuhan kawasan hutan. Tujuannya antara lain menciptakan kawasan hutan yang berkepastian hukum dan berkeadilan. Meskipun demikian, persoalan lebih mendasar dari percepatan pengukuhan kawasan itu adalah memperjelas alas hak penguasaan pemerintah dan masyarakat pada tanah-tanah yang termasuk ke dalam kawasan hutan.Tulisan ini bertujuan menjelaskan konsep-konsep hukum terkait dengan penguasaan tanah di dalam kawasan hutan.Bagaimana penguasaan dimaksud dapat memberikan kepastian hukum sekaligus keadilan bagi masyarakat dan pemerintah.Sebagai basis dalam membangun konstruksi ini adalah elaborasi konsep penguasaan negara atas kawasan hutan atau dikenal dengan hak menguasai negara.Bagaimana indikator menilai pelaksanaan hak menguasai negara itu dan bagaimana indikator tersebut digunakan untuk menilai regulasi dan praktik pengukuhan kawasan hutan adalah inti dari tulisan ini.AbstractThe Ministry of Forestry (now merged as Ministry of Environment and Forestry) is currently conducting acceleration of forest area gazettement program. The goal, among others, is to create forest area with legal certainty and justice. Nevertheless, the more fundamental issue than the acceleration of forest area designation is the clarification of government land tenure and public land tenure on lands belong to the forest area. This paper aims to explain legal concepts related to the land tenure in the forest area. How the tenure could give legal certainty and justice at the same time for both society and government. The foundation of this paper is the elaboration of state control over forest areas concept, known as the state right to control. How the indicators used in assessing the implementation of the state right to control and how these indicators are used to assess the regulation and practices of forest area designation are the two core question of this paper.

The Covid-19 pandemic has led to various health, economic, and environmental problems. Waste management is one of the environmental problems that have emerged during this pandemic. Countries worldwide are trying to overcome the increase in the quantity and type of waste during the pandemic, such as disposable masks, face shields, and gloves, whether from households, commercial areas, or quarantine homes. Then there is also much medical waste sourced from health service places and places where people do swab testing and Covid-19 vaccinations. Moreover, there are other problems like increasing plastic waste from food consumption in the household during work and school activities from home. These waste problems add to the complexity of waste management, especially in developing countries which still needs improvement in their law and policy, technology, capacity, and legal awareness of the community in waste management. An interesting legal phenomenon during the Covid-19 pandemic is the widespread use of soft laws in the form of protocols, circulars, instructions, and appeals. This paper aims to study various forms of soft law used by the Government of Indonesia to manage Covid waste and analyze their compliance with national laws. This paper consists of two main parts: describing the trends in the use of soft law in waste management during the Covid-19 pandemic, and an analysis of the relationship between “hard law” and “soft law” in handling COVID-19 waste. Keywords: Covid-19, environmental impact, soft law, waste management