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An immature female worm, Dirofilaria immitis, was isolated from the scrotum of a 14-month-old child. This is the first identification of human dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis in a relatively Northern region (Moscow) of the Russian Federation. The parasite was diagnosed by means of morphological examination of the worm, confirmed by PCR assay. This case raises questions about the range of the D. immitis distribution among humans in Russia. To better understand the geographical distribution of dirofilarioses, detailed clinical and epidemiological information should be collected from human cases with appropriate laboratory confirmation.

Background This study focused on the monitoring of patients who had undergone liver transplantation (LT) because of unresectable alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The role of long‐term administration of albendazole (ABZ) in patients with residual/recurrent AE lesions and without AE lesions was evaluated. Methods Albendazole therapy was prescribed to patients diagnosed with AE 4‐6 weeks after LT on the background of continuous suppressive therapy while following the protocol for managing patients after LT. Clinical data (general condition, blood counts, and level of hepatic transaminases), ultrasound scans (USs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or multispiral computed tomography (MSCT), and serological data were collected from four patients with residual/recurrent AE lesions and without AE lesions. The results of the USs, MRI, and MSCT examinations at diagnosis and at the end of follow‐up were retrospectively reviewed for all patients. Results Observation of patients over a long period (up to 10 years) showed that the continuous (without interruption) use of ABZ restrained the development of metacestodes. Interruptions in taking the drug, associated with the manifestation of hepatotoxicity in some patients, led to the development of lesions in other organs in which the parasite had not previously been detected. No new foci were found in the transplanted livers of the patients. Conclusion Liver transplantation, together with continuous anti‐relapse chemotherapy, prolongs the patient's life, both in the absence and in the presence of metastases in other organs.

High priority of soil-transmitted helminths worldwide and in theRussian Federationis due to their vast distribution and the severe pathological features they induce in humans. Recently, it was observed that awareness of clinicians regarding this disease category was markedly decreased, although no significant decline of the disease occurrence has been recorded, whereas rate of imported cases of parasitic diseases including soil-transmitted helminths like strongyloidiasis mainly originating from subtropical or tropical countries rose in non-endemic regions. Lack of alertness on diseases like strongyloidiasis impedes timely diagnostics and treatment. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis was estimated to range within 30-100 million people, however the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that it was underestimated as precise data in endemic countries remain unknown. The occurrence of these helminths has been recorded in regions of temperate-continental climate: Western Ukraine,Belarus,Moldova, the Caucasus, Central Asia, as well as inEastern Europeand the Mediterranean region. In theRussian Federationlocally acquired infections are frequently recorded in theKrasnodarTerritoryand Rostov Region. Here, based on multi-year experience in management of patients with strongyloidiasis we present our data and brief review of publications and systematic literature related to the challenges of its clinical picture, diagnostics and treatment. Life cycle, basic biological parameters of free-living helminth in nature and distinctive features of autoinfection related to strongyloidiasis were reviewed. Special attention was paid to the risk of developing severe forms (hyper-infection and disseminated strongyloidiasis) especially in immunocompromised hosts: HIV infection, radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy, long term corticosteroid use. Difficulties in diagnosing Strongyloides stercoralis infection are due to its polymorphic and non-specific clinical manifestations, as well as the lack of clinical knowledge and awareness about the disease. Clinical importance of parasitological methods for larvae detection was underlined. It was noted that the drug of choice in therapy of strongyloidiasis is ivermectin unapproved yet inRussia, whereas albendazole as an alternative drug exerts poorer efficacy, justifying a need to repeat treatment courses to establish full recovery from the disease.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a self-curing skin infection distributed in tropics and subtropics. Up to one million cases of CL appeared in endemic areas a year. Leishmanization (artificially controlled infections) was widely used to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in the past. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common epithelial neoplasm of the skin. Cases of BCC developing in a leishmanial scar have been documented. We present the first case of confirmed basal cell carcinoma arising in 2020 in an 81-old physician working in Moscow (Russian Federation) in a leishmanial scar.  It was 50 years after the primary lesion due to a successful leishmanization, widely used to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in the past.