Roots, hypocotyls and leaves of Nigella sativa L. were collected from the seedlings raised on sterilized filter paper and cultured on MS supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/l) and Kn (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0). The best callus production was obtained from leaf explants with 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/l Kn. The higher thymol concentrations were extracted after 75 days for the above callus; which was detected by HPLC using retention time. This is the first report in Iraq about extracting thymol from callus of Nigella sativa.

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The important of this plant coming from the symbiotic relation between this plant and truffles which is very important food. In an attempt to propagate this plant in vitro this research was conducted. The seeds were culture on MS basic medium, the seedling parts were isolated and cultured with MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l BA. The shoots were rooted on basic medium and later the plantlets acclimatized on pots.

Withania somnifera (L) Dunal popularly known as 'Ashwagandha' had been used in folk medicine. Ten grams of leaves powder were used to extract the active substances as water, ethanol, and acetone extracts. The extracts were subjected to chemical analysis to identify the active components, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins, Flavonoids, Fixed oil was present in ethanol, acetone and water extracts while terpene was absent in water extract, Proteins were not found in acetone extract, Tannins were absent in all types of extracts. HPLC analysis revealed that all types of Withania extracts contained two types of Alkaloids (Withanolide-A and Withaferin-A), seven types of Flavonoids (Naringenin, Catechin, Luteolin, Hesperetin, Kaempfero, Apigenin and Naringin) and two types of Saponins (Sitoindosides VII and Sitoindosides VIII) appeared as different peaks in same retention times with standard. Withania extracts contained numbers of active group detected by FTIR. Antimicrobial activities for all types of extracts werecarried out against different types of bacteria and fungi but only Acetone extract showed antimicrobial activity on the fungus (Trichophyton violaceum). W. somnifera extracts had cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cell line, higher cytotoxic effect in ethanol extract appeared at 120 mg/ml concentration, Water extract was inbetween and acetone extract was the lowest one.

Sisymbrium irio is a plant used in folk medicine in Asian peoples. In 79 samples collected from hospitals, 71 were infected with Gram-positive bacteria. Performing API 20 samples showed 17(23.94%) were S. pyrogens and 54(76.06%) were S. aureus. In an experiment for antibiotic sensitivity, the samples showed 100% sensitivity to penicillin, cephalexin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, Amoxicillin and methicillin. However, the sensitivity was less in Vancomycin, clindamycin, Rifampin. Moreover, it was resistance to ciprofloxacin. Test tube method used to detectability of pathogenic S. aureus isolates which isolated from the skin of children had impetigo for biofilm formation. The result illustrated the high per cent of S. aureus isolates were able to produce biofilm. 47 (87%)   S. aureus isolates produce biofilm with different degree of thickness and only 6 (13%) isolates unable to produce biofilm. The total flavonoids content was determined by spectrophotometer. The ethanol, metabolic and aqueous extract of S. irio as rutin the best standard substance for flavonoids. The best absorbance was methanol extract followed by water then, ethanol extracts. Reductive ability was carried out to know the effect of free radicals. The best extract was methanol followed by ethanol then, water extract.