Background: Etching agents such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phosphoric acid which are widely used in adhesive restoration system, are aimed to increase retention of restorative materials; however, these agents may induce inflammation of dental pulp. The major function of the inflammatory response is to remove invading pathogens or damaged tissue/ cells and therefore, initiate repair. Neutrophils and macrophages are motile phagocytes that constitute the body's first line of defense. Purpose: The purpose of the present research was to study the effect of 19% EDTA and 37% phosphoric acid for etching application agents on the inflammatory response of the dental pulp. Methods: Forty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. Cavity preparation was made on the occlusal surface of maxillary first molar using a round diamond bur. Nineteen percent of EDTA, 37% phosphoric acid, and distilled water were applied on the surface of the cavity of the teeth in group I, II and III respectively. The rats were sacrified at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after the application (n=3 for each day). The specimens were then processed histologically and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Results: ANOVA showed a significant difference (p<0.05) among treatment groups, indicating that etching agents application induced neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration in the dental pulp. Tuckey HSD test showed that application of 37% phosphoric acid increased higher number of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes significantly than 19% EDTA (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study suggested that 37% phosphoric acid induced higher number of the inflammatory cells than 19% EDTA.

<p>Dislipidemia yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, dan Low Density Lipoproteinemia (Hyper-LDL) serta rendahnya kadar High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) termasuk salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya aterosklerosis. Asam klorogenat yang terkandung dalam kopi dapat mencegah penyerapan kolesterol di usus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek kopi robusta (Coffea canephora) terhadap profil lipid darah dan berat badan tikus yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Lima belas ekor tikus wistar jantan digunakan pada penelitian ini yang dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu kelompok kontrol (diet standar), hiperlipid (diet tinggi lemak) dan kopi (diet tinggi lemak dan seduhan kopi 3,6ml/hari). Diet tinggi lemak yang diberikan terdiri dari minyak babi dan kuning telur bebek. Pengukuran kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, berat badan, LDL dan HDL dilakukan setelah 4 minggu perlakuan. Hasil uji ANOVA dan LSD menunjukkan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL dan HDL pada kelompok kopi berbeda signifikan  dengan kelompok hiperlipid hingga sama dengan kondisi normal (kelompok kontrol). Uji ANOVA dan LSD juga membuktikan bahwa berat badan tikus yang diinduksi diet tinggi lemak juga menurun hingga sama dengan kondisi normal pada pemberian seduhan kopi. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa pemberian seduhan kopi dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, dan LDL, meningkatkan kadar HDL dan menurunkan berat badan.</p>

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Hyperlipidemia is a cause of atherosclerosis, that characterized by an abnormal elevation of cholesterol, especially Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). It leads to foam cell formation, andcorrelated with the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.Inflammatory is assumed to be inhibited by natural ingredients which have antiinflammatory effect. One of the natural product which predicted to have antiinflammatory effect is robusta coffee. This research aimedto investigate the effect of robustacoffee on TNF-α  expression in hyperlidemiarat model. Fiveteenmale Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control (K), Hyperlipidemia (H), and coffeerobusta(C). Hyperlipidemia induced by feeding the yolks of duck and pork oil. Infraorbital blood was taken for examination of LDL levels andthe rats were sacrified at 29 day after the treatment. Carotid arteries were then processed histologically. Anova and LSD test results showed levels of LDL in the coffee group were significantly different from the hyperlipidemia group (p < 0.05).Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed using rabbit anti rat TNF- α polyclonal antibody. Lipid deposition in carotid artery observation within Sudan IV staining.Resultshowed robustacoffee induced lower expression of TNF- α and less lipid deposition in subendotelial layer. StrongTNF-αpositive staining seems on hyperlipidemia group. Robusta coffeedown regulationTNF-α expressionin carotid artery ofhyperlipidemia rat model. HIGHLIGHTS Robusta coffee has been shown down regulated TNF-a expression in endothelial cells carotid artery of rats induced by hyperlipidemia Robusta coffee has been shown to decrease lipid deposition in the subendothelial layer of rats induced by hyperlipidemia This study proves that induction using pork oil and duck egg yolk can increase LDL levels in the blood of experimental animals GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Efek pemberian gel ekstrak biji kopi robusta (Coffea canephora) terhadap jumlah osteoblas dan osteoklas (Destianingrum dkk.