BackgroundThe increasing migration of health professionals to affluent countries is not a recent phenomenon and has been addressed in literature. However the various facets of physician migration from Pakistan, the third leading source of International medical graduates has not been rigorously evaluated. The objective of the current study was to survey final year students and recent medical graduates in Lahore, Pakistan about their intentions to train abroad, their post training plans as well as to identify the factors responsible for their motivation for international migration.MethodA self administered structured questionnaire was developed to collect respondents' demographic and educational characteristics, intention to train abroad, their preferred destination & post training intentions of returning to Pakistan. Various influencing factors which impact on medical graduate's motivation to train abroad or stay in Pakistan were explored using a 10 point scale. SPSS software was used for data entry and analysis.ResultsOf the 400 eligible respondents, 275 responded (response rate 68.7%). One hundred and sixty six respondents (60.4%) intended to train abroad either for a specialty (54.9%) or a subspecialty (5.5%) The United States and United Kingdom were the most preferred destination. While 14.2% intended to return to Pakistan immediately after training, a significant percentage (10%) never intended to return to Pakistan or wished to stay abroad temporarily (37%). Professional excellence and establishing quickly in the competitive market were the most important goal to be achieved by the respondents for intention for postgraduate training abroad. The most common reasons cited for training abroad were the impact of residency training on future career (mean score 8.20 ± 2.3), financial conditions of doctors (mean score 7.97 ± 2.37) and job opportunities (mean score7.90 ± 2.34).ConclusionAn alarming percentage of medical graduates from Lahore, Pakistan intend to migrate for post graduate training, mainly to United States. A significant proportion wished to stay in the host country either temporarily or indefinitely. Impact of residency abroad on future career, financial conditions of doctors, job opportunities and better working conditions were some of the motivating factors behind the migration.

In this paper, we propose Balanced Energy-Efficient Network Integrated Super Heterogeneous (BEENISH), improved BEENISH (iBEENISH), Mobile BEENISH (MBEENISH), and improved Mobile BEENISH (iMBEENISH) protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). BEENISH considers four energy levels of nodes and selects cluster heads (CHs) on the base of residual energy levels of nodes and average energy level of the network, whereas iBEENISH dynamically varies the CHs selection probability in an efficient manner leading to increased network lifetime. We also present a mathematical sink mobility model and validate this model by implementing it in BEENISH (resulting in MBEENISH) and iBEENISH (resulting in iMBEENISH). Finally, simulation results show that BEENISH, MBEENISH, iBEENISH, and iMBEENISH protocols outperform contemporary protocols in terms of stability period, network lifetime, and throughput.

Wireless distributed sensor network consists of randomly deployed sensors having low energy assets. These networks can be used for monitoring a variety of environments. Major problems of these networks are energy constraints and their finite lifetimes. To overcome these problems different routing protocols and clustering techniques are introduced. We propose DREEM-ME which uses a unique technique for clustering to overcome these two problems efficiently. DREEM-ME elects a fix number of cluster heads (CHs) in each round instead of probabilistic selection of CHs. Packet Drop Technique is also implemented in our protocol to make it more comprehensive and practical. In DREEM-ME confidence interval is also shown in each graph which helps in visualising the maximum deviation from original course. Our simulations and results show that DREEM-ME is much better than existing protocols of the same nature.

In this paper, we propose Regional Energy Efficient Cluster Heads based on Maximum Energy (REECH-ME) Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) . The main purpose of this protocol is to improve the network lifetime and particularly the stability period of the network. In REECH-ME, the node with the maximum energy in a region becomes Cluster Head (CH) of that region for that particular round and the number of the cluster heads in each round remains the same. Our technique outperforms LEACH which uses probabilistic approach for the selection of CHs. We also implement the Uniform Random Distribution Model to find the packet drop to make this protocol more practical. We also calculate the confidence interval of all our results which helps us to visualize the possible deviation of our graphs from the mean value. Index Terms-Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) , Routing protocol, Cluster heads on the basis of maximum energy, Packet Drop, Confidence Interval