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The antibiotic, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), is generally used for prophylaxis in HIV individuals to protect them from Pneumocystis jiroveci infection. Long-term use of TMP-SMX develops drug resistance among bacteria in HIV patients. The study was aimed to detect the TMP-SMX resistance genes among gram-negative bacteria from HIV patients. TMP-SMX-resistant isolates were detected by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. While TMP resistance genes such as dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, and dfrA17 and SMX resistance genes such as sul1 and sul2 were detected by multiplex PCR, class 1 and class 2 integrons were detected by standard monoplex PCR. Of the 151 TMP-SMX-resistant bacterial isolates, 3 were positive for sul1 alone, 48 for sul2 alone, 11 for dfrA7 alone, 21 for sul1 and sul2, 1 for sul1 and dfrA7, 23 for sul2 and dfrA7, 2 for sul2 and dfrA5, 41 for sul1, sul2, and dfrA7, and 1 for sul2, dfrA5, and dfrA7. Of 60 TMP-SMX-resistant isolates positive for integrons, 44 had class 1 and 16 had class 2 integrons. It was found that the prevalence of sul genes (n = 202; p < 0.001) was higher compared with dfr genes (n = 80; p < 0.001), and 87.4% (n = 132; p < 0.001) of TMP-SMX-resistant isolates also were positive for β-lactamase production. This type of study is reported for the first time from HIV patients in India. Therefore, this study indicates that dissemination of TMP-SMX resistance genes and class 1 and class 2 integrons along with β-lactamase production among gram-negative bacteria in HIV patients will certainly make their treatment to bacterial infections more complicated in clinical settings.

Objective: The present study was aimed to find out the anticyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody level and expression level Th2 cytokine-like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from South India. Methods:The patients attending the Arthritis and Rheumatism Care Centre, Vadapalani, Chennai and healthy individuals from the Presidency College, Chennai, were enrolled for this study. The study group included 74 patients with RA and 50 healthy individuals without history of RA. 3-5 ml of blood samples was aseptically collected using Vacutainer, and the separated serum samples were transported to the Department of Microbiology, Presidency College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in cold chain. Anti-CCP antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum concentrations of TNF-α were studied in patients with RA and in healthy controls, using an ELISA method. Results:The results of anti-CCP enzyme immunoassay revealed that out of 74 patients, all were anti-CCP positive, which included 65 females and 9 males. Higher levels of anti-CCP (456 IU/ml) were present in the age group between 41 and 50 followed by 21-30 years age group which shows 335.28 IU/ml of anti-CCP antibody level. The level of serum TNF-α was measured in the range of 4.6-1082.84 pg/ml for RA patients and 6.630-459.74 pg/ml for the healthy control group.Conclusion: TNF-α levels were significantly increased in RA patients compared to healthy individuals. A negative correlation was found between anti-CCP antibody and TNF-α level in RA patients.

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Background Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent and also reduces the mortality among adults and children when used as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients. Drug resistant to TMP-SMX along with Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production among Enterobacteriaceae is creating major therapeutic problem in clinical settings for treating the bacterial infections among HIV individuals.