Fourteen genotypes and 3 different gamma ray doses were tested to develop an efficient haploidization protocol in squash. For this purpose, male flowers collected 1 day before anthesis were irradiated with 150, 200, and 300 Gy gamma ray doses, and female flowers were pollinated with the irradiated pollens the next day. In the first year of the study, 1858 embryos were obtained from 219 fruits. While 1358 of these were found in fruits irradiated with a 150 Gy gamma dose, the remaining 500 embryos were found in fruits irradiated with 200 Gy. From fruits irradiated with 150 and 200 Gy gamma doses, 9.12 and 3.53 haploid embryos per 100 seeds were obtained, respectively. While Genotype 3 was the most successful genotype with 12.42 embryos per 100 seeds, the minimum embryo numbers were obtained from Genotype 4 with 1.46 embryos per 100 seeds. In the second experimental year, 8 genotypes and the same gamma doses were used, and 2625 haploid and 1378 diploid embryos were obtained from 217 fruits. At irradiation doses of 150, 200, and 300 Gy, 2010, 539, and 76 haploid embryos were found, respectively. Genotype 6 was the most successful genotype with 13.35 embryos per 100 seeds.

15Two watermelon genotypes, one commercial watermelon variety (Ustun F1) and five 16 different doses of gamma rays coming from Co 60 were tested to develop useful haploidization 17 procedure in watermelon. For this purpose, male flowers collected a day before anthesis were 18 irradiated with 50, 150 , 200 , 275 and 300 Gy doses of gamma ray and female flowers were 19 pollinated with irradiated pollen the next day. Seeds extracted from fruits harvested 25 days later 20 were opened individually in a laminar flow hood. Embryos obtained via embryo rescue technique 21were placed in glass tubes containing CP medium with 30 g l -1 sucrose, 8 g l -1 agar, 0.08 mg l -1 22 B12, and 0.02 mg l -1 IAA. Sixty haploid embryos were obtained from 43 watermelon fruits in 23 this study. Genotype 1 was found to be the most successful genotype with 3.57 haploid embryos 24 per 100 seeds. Among tested irradiation doses, 275 Gy was better than other doses with 5.26 25 haploid embryos per 100 seeds. Considered together with irradiation dose and genotypes, the 26

Monoic, dioic, and hermaphrodite flower types complicate spinach breeding and cultivar development. The availability of haploid plants will definitely accelerate spinach breeding; however, there are currently no reports in the literature about the use of tissue culture techniques to obtain spinach haploids. Therefore, in this study, pollination with irradiated pollen and anther culture methods were used to obtain haploid plants in spinach. For anther culture, three spinach varieties (Koto F1, Favorit F1, and Greenstar F1) and four different nutrient media were tested to obtain haploid embryos. Significant outcomes were not achieved from anther culture, and only two plants were obtained from all the experiments. Gynogenesis studies using irradiated pollen were performed with the same three spinach varieties and six gamma ray doses (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy) from (cobalt60) Co60. Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium containing 1 mg·L−1 indoleacetic acid (IAA) was used for embryo germination. Current findings revealed that the varieties produced responded differently to the various doses of radiation. A total of 3414 embryos and 1710 plants were obtained from experiments carried out for 2 years. Considering the numbers of embryos and plants per 100 seeds, the Favorit F1 variety provided better results than the other two varieties. However, significantly different outcomes were not achieved with regard to irradiation doses. Embryos were observed at all doses tested. Flow cytometry analyses that were carried out on regenerated plants revealed whether the plants were diploid or doubled haploid, and molecular analyses revealed that diploids resulted from spontaneous chromosome doubling. The current findings offer significant results for spinach breeding using haploids.

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Determination of Pollen Viability and Germination of Solanum melongena ve Solanum torvum and Obtaining Plants from Solanum melongena x Solanum torvum Hybrids Using in vitro Techniques A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Research ArticleReceived 09 February 2017 Accepted 16 March 2017The most important factors those are limiting the production of eggplant in Turkey and the world are soil borne fungal diseases and pests. Fusarium and Verticillium as fungal diseases and nematodes as pests cause significant yield losses. Those pathogens cause significant yield losses both in open field and greenhouse cultivation. The most efficient way to avoid those diseases is using resistant varieties or rootstocks. Although resistant genes to all these three pathogenes do not exist in eggplant cultivars, wild eggplant, Solanum torvum Sw can contain them. . However interspecific crosses cannot be achieved because of the sexual incompatibility between Solanum torvum and Solanum melongena. Thus resistant genes cannot be transferred by classical breeding. For this purpose, in order to understand the reasons of the failure in interspecific crosses, polen viability and germination percentage should be determined as a priority. For this purpose, pollen viability and germination levels of Aydın siyahı and Kemer eggplant cultivars and one wild form (Solanum torvum) were determined. Pollen viability and polen germination percentage were determined by TTC and 'agar in Petri' methods, respectively. In vitro reciprocal crosses were made between Kemer and Aydın Siyahı cultivars in order to obtain hybrids. In this study, in vitro embryo rescue technique was used in 25, 30 and 35 days after pollination. The embryo number obtained and plants regenerated were recorded.