Most human diseases are systems diseases, and systems biomarkers are better fitted for diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment monitoring purposes. To search for systems biomarker candidates, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a housekeeping protein expressed in all living cells, was investigated. To this end, we analyzed the serum LDH activities from 172,933 patients with 48 clinically defined diseases and 9528 healthy individuals. Based on the median values, we found that 46 out of 48 diseases, leading by acute myocardial infarction, had significantly increased (p < 0.001), whereas gout and cerebral ischemia had significantly decreased (p < 0.001) serum LDH activities compared to the healthy control. Remarkably, hepatic encephalopathy and lung fibrosis had the highest AUCs (0.89, 0.80), sensitivities (0.73, 0.56), and specificities (0.90, 0.91) among 48 human diseases. Statistical analysis revealed that over-downregulation of serum LDH activities was associated with blood-related cancers and diseases. LDH activities were potential systems biomarker candidates (AUCs > 0.8) for hepatic encephalopathy and lung fibrosis.
The incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) increases every year worldwide. Better diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for clinical applications are the consistent pursuit of MI research. In addition to electrocardiogram, echocardiography, coronary angiography, etc., circulating biomarkers are essential for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment effect monitoring of MI patients. In this review, we assessed both strength and weakness of MI circulating biomarkers including: (1) originated from damaged myocardial tissues including current golden standard cardiac troponin, (2) released from non-myocardial tissues due to MI-induced systems reactions, and (3) preexisted in blood circulation before the occurrence of MI event. We also summarized newly reported MI biomarkers. We proposed that the biomarkers preexisting in blood circulation before MI incidents should be emphasized in research and development for MI prevention in near future.
We apply the Constitution compilation of 397 supernova Ia, the baryon acoustic oscillation measurements including the A parameter, the distance ratio and the radial data, the five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe and the Hubble parameter data to study the geometry of the universe and the property of dark energy by using the popular Chevallier-Polarski-Linder and Jassal-Bagla-Padmanabhan parameterizations. We compare the simple χ 2 method of joined contour estimation and the Monte Carlo Markov chain method, and find that it is necessary to make the marginalized analysis on the error estimation. The probabilities of Ω k and w a in the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder model are skew distributions, and the marginalized 1σ errors are Ω m = 0.279 +0.015 −0.008 , Ω k = 0.005 +0.006 −0.011 , w 0 = −1.05 +0.23 −0.06 , and w a = 0.5 +0.3 −1.5 . For the Jassal-Bagla-Padmanabhan model, the marginalized 1σ errors are Ω m = 0.281 +0.015 −0.01 , Ω k = 0.000 +0.007 −0.006 , w 0 = −0.96 +0.25 −0.18 , and w a = −0.6 +1.9 −1.6 . The equation of state parameter w(z) of dark energy is negative in the redshift range 0 ≤ z ≤ 2 at more than 3σ level. The flat ΛCDM model is consistent with the current observational data at the 1σ level.PACS numbers: 98.80.-k,98.80.Es
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