Emerging and re-emerging viral infections pose a constant threat, especially in healthcare settings. Viral infections can be thought of as an ecological system, like a forest or a pond, with different species competing for resources. Pandemics tend to occur when there is a disruption to this ecosystem, such as introducing a strain of virus into humans or animals that they have no immunity against. Around 60% of human infectious diseases and 75% of emerging infections are zoonotic, with two-thirds originating in wildlife. There is an ongoing risk of viral diseases as the human population continues to grow and the rate of urbanization increases. The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases are influenced by a variety of virologic and environmental factors. These factors can be roughly categorized as affecting humans, the environment and/or ecology, and viruses. The spread of zoonotic diseases among humans can be prevented by reducing the transmission risk associated with wildlife and exotic pets through education, legislation, and behavioral change programs that target individuals at risk for exposure.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious problem that poses an imminent threat to patient safety. But drug-resistant bacteria can be prevented from spreading in hospital facilities by implementing effective antimicrobial stewardship practices. Antimicrobial stewardship programs are a set of measures taken by an organization to optimize antimicrobial use, improve patient outcomes, reduce AMR and healthcareassociated infections, and save healthcare costs. Healthcare facilities should have a defined antimicrobial stewardship policy in place that is available to all stakeholders. The policy should be evidence-based, regularly updated, and communicated clearly both verbally and through visual means such as posters. All staff should be trained on the proper use of antimicrobials as well as how to report misuse. Antibiotic stewardship measures include: educating and screening patients, monitoring, updating policies, limiting the use of high-risk medications, developing and improving hand hygiene practices, tracing the path of each medication, using computerized alert probes, using computerized medication records, educating staff, and creating the culture of prevention. There are several ways that antimicrobial stewardship practices can be implemented in the healthcare setting, including limiting the use of antibiotics and promoting healthy behaviors. With these strategies in place, infections can be prevented from occurring in the first place.

The predominance of artificial intelligence (AI) will be the next Industrial Revolution. All the fields of industry will be reshaped with AI. Forensic medicine and toxicology is an important branch for investigations of crimes and this branch has tremendous scope of development with the help of AI. Any science or process cannot stay away long from newer techniques. The traditional way of doing an autopsy and framing an opinion has a lot of limitations and these limitations can be overcome with AI. Various procedures of forensic medicine like analysis of toxins, collection of the various samples of medicolegal importance from body cavity, detection of pathological changes in various organs of the body, detection of various stains on the body, detection of a weapon used in crime, time since death calculations, etc. are the areas where AI will play a key role in framing the various opinions of medicolegal importance. AI can also be integrated into existing testing and analysis processes to make the whole procedure rapid and more accurate. In the future, AI might become a key part of forensic medicine and toxicology practice.

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare lesion in the gastrointestinal tract. Further, the condition is very uncommon at the ampulla of Vater. A majority of the reported cases are typical, gland-forming adenocarcinomas. In our case, a patient aged 59 years, was diagnosed as a case of peri-ampullary carcinoma based on physical exam findings and imaging. Ultrasonography (USG) abdomen and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed an enlarged common bile duct (CBD) and there was a presence of stricture at the terminal CBD. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed growth at the ampulla of Vater. An endoscopic ultrasound guided needle core biopsy was obtained. Histopathological examination revealed the case as SRCC at the ampulla of Vater. We present this as an uncommon case of SRCC at the ampulla of Vater.

Bacteria may develop antibiotic resistance due to unintentional DNA alterations that give them a survival advantage. Bacteria may develop antibiotic resistance due to unintentional DNA alterations that give them a survival advantage. Finding genetic changes and understanding how they enable bacteria to withstand antibiotic attacks will be crucial to our ability to develop new medications to combat them.