Introduction: The current incidence of the novel coronavirus disease has shown only small reductions of cases and has become a major public health challenge. Development of effective vaccines against the virus is still being encouraged such as multi-epitope vaccines designed from the components of SARS-CoV-2 including its spike, nucleocapsid and ORF1a proteins. Since the addition of adjuvants including HABA protein and L7/L12 ribosomal are considered helpful to increase the effectiveness of the designed vaccine, we proposed to design multiepitope vaccines by two different adjuvants. Methods: We used the IEDB server to predict BCL and TCL epitopes that were characterized using online tools including VaxiJen, AllPred and IL-10 Prediction. The selected epitopes were further constructed into multiepitope vaccines. We also added two different adjuvants to the vaccine components in order to increase the effectiveness of the vaccines. The 3D-structured vaccines were built using trRosetta. They were further docked with different Toll-like-receptors (TLR 3, 4 and 8) and the entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 using ClusPro, PatchDock and refined by FireDock. All structures were visualized by USCF Chimera and PyMOL. Results: In this study, we succeeded in designing two different candidate vaccines by the addition of HABA protein and L7/L12 ribosomal as adjuvants. The two vaccines were almost equally good in terms of their physicochemical properties and characteristics. Likewise, their strong interactions with TLR3 4, 8 and ACE2 show the lowest energy level of both was estimated at more than -1,000. Interactions of vaccines with ACE2 and TLRs are essential for activation of immune responses and production of antibodies. Conclusion: The two designed and constructed multiepitope vaccine have good characteristics and may have the potential to activate humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Further research is worth considering to confirm the findings of this study.

Objective: Sesewanua leaves contain alkaloid compounds as antioxidants, and its leaves can be used to formulate SNEDDS dosage forms, which can effectively deliver the medicine. This study intended to determine the variation of surfactant concentration (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 400) towards pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion duration and characterization using PSA method (particle size and polydispersity index). Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental method and the independent variables in this study were variations in the concentration of surfactant (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 400), which consist of 3 formulas, such as SFS 1 (6:3), SFS 2 (7:2), and SFS 3 (8:1). The dependent variables in this study including pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion time, particle size and polydispersity index which utilized One Way Anova Post Hoc LSD (p>0.05) and Tamhane (p<0.05) tests as the data analysis. Results: The pH test SFS1-SFS3 has a pH value of 7.92, 8.30 and 8.35, followed by Viscosity test SFS1-SFS3, which has a viscosity value of 1.00 cP, 1.38 cP and 2.91 cP. Further, the SFS1-SFS3 nano emulsified time test had nano emulsified time in gastric and intestinal fluids 35.18s and 43.96s, 43.54s and 47.13s and 44.00s and 50.29s. Characterization of SFS1-SFS3 particle size in gastric and intestinal fluids 23.9 nm and 23.0 nm, 18.5 nm and 22.7 nm and 19.1 nm and 22.9 nm, while characterization of SFS1-SFS3 polydispersity index in gastric and intestinal fluids were 0.433 and 0.348, 0.451 and 0.440 and 0.568 and 0.462. Conclusion: The increase of variations in surfactant concentration and decreased cosurfactant significantly affected pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion time, and particle size of SFS preparations. However, the polydispersity index was not considerably affected.

Background and purpose: Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals found abundantly in various plants. Scientific evidence has revealed that flavonoids display potential biological activities, including their ability to alleviate inflammation. This activity is closely related to their action in blocking the inflammatory cascade and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors. However, as flavonoids typically have poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile, it is quite challenging to establish these compounds as a drug. Nevertheless, progressive advancements in drug delivery systems, particularly in nanotechnology, have shown promising approaches to overcome such challenges. Review approach: This narrative review provides an overview of scientific knowledge about the mechanism of action of flavonoids in the mitigation of inflammatory reaction prior to delivering a comprehensive discussion about the opportunity of the nanotechnology-based delivery system in the preparation of the flavonoid-based drug. Key results: Various studies conducted in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials have deciphered that the anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids are closely linked to their ability to modulate various biochemical mediators, enzymes, and signalling pathways involved in the inflammatory processes. This compound could be encapsulated in nanotechnology platforms to increase the solubility, bioavailability, and pharmacological activity of flavonoids as well as reduce the toxic effects of these compounds. Conclusion: in Summary, we conclude that flavonoids and their derivates have given promising results in their development as new anti-inflammatory drug candidates, especially if they formulate in nanoparticles.

Tanaman kelor tumbuh di daerah tropis dan telah dikenal oleh masyarakat sebagai sayur dan berkhasiat sebagai obat tradisional. Sangat jarang ditemukan penelitian yang mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada bagian akar kelor. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung dalam akar kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) yang berasal dari Desa Talulobutu, Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan reagen Mayer dan reagen Dragendorff untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa alkaloid, reagen NaOH 4% untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa tanin, reagen Pb(C2H3O2)2 10% untuk megidentifikasi senyawa flavonoid, dan uji buih menggunakan aquadest panas untuk megidentifikasi senyawa saponin.

Bunga Eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) mengandung fenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, terpenoid, sterol dan glikosida yang mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri dan berpotensi diformulasi menjadi sabun antisptik. Minyak jelantah yang telah dimurnikan menggunakan kulit pisang kepok berpotensi sebagai bahan pembuatan sabun. Tujuan untuk mengetahui metode pengolahan minyak jelantah, formulasi dan uji aktivitas antimikroba sediaan sabun antiseptik ekstrak air bunga eceng gondok dengan memanfaatakan minyak jelantah. Metode yaitu quasi eksperimen laboratorium yakni sabun antiseptic diformulasi berdasarkan tiga konsentrasi infusa bunga eceng gondok, Formula A (10%); B (15%) dan C (20%). Evaluasi sediaan berupa fisik dan kimia, uji iritasi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil pemurnian minyak jelantah yaitu minyak yang jernih dan tidak kental. Ekstrak air bunga eceng gondok dapat diformulasi menjadi sabun antiseptik dengan tinggi busa rata-rata 1,5 cm, daya bersih pada kriteria 3 (kesat), pH pada rentang 9-10, kadar air >15%, kadar alkali bebas 0,6-1,3 % dan tidak menunjukkan iritasi. Sabun antiseptik ekstrak air bunga eceng gondok memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap E.coli kategori kuat berdasarkan diameter hambatannya, yakni Formula A (19,17 mm), B (20,01 mm) dan C (20,13 mm). Kesimpulannya ekstrak air bunga eceng gondok dan minyak jelantah dapat menjadi alternative pemanfaatan limbah menjadi sediaan sabun antiseptik yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba.