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The increased hair cortisol concentrations among WIFN volunteers compared with volunteers from a non-First Nation community suggests higher levels of chronic stress. The causes for this apparent increased stress are likely due to factors such as socioeconomic and poorer health and are worthy of further evaluation. The results highlight the difference between acute stress measured for short periods of time compared with chronic stress, measured by hair analysis.

We acknowledge the importance of the individual language and naming conventions of different Indigenous nations. This statement has used the term Indigenous peoples as defined by the United Nations. However, we respect the right of nations to determine, define and name their cultural identity as and when they choose.

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