In recent times, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been regarded as having important commercial utility. However, the potential toxicity of these nanomaterials has also been a crucial research concern. In this regard, an important solution for ensuring lower toxicity levels and thereby facilitating an unhindered application in human consumer products is the green synthesis of these particles. Although a naïve approach, the biological synthesis of metal oxide NPs using microorganisms and plant extracts opens up immense prospects for the production of biocompatible and cost-effective particles with potential applications in the healthcare sector. An important area that calls for attention is cancer therapy and the intervention of nanotechnology to improve existing therapeutic practices. Metal oxide NPs have been identified as therapeutic agents with an extended half-life and therapeutic index and have also been reported to have lesser immunogenic properties. Currently, biosynthesized metal oxide NPs are the subject of considerable research and analysis for the early detection and treatment of tumors, but their performance in clinical experiments is yet to be determined. The present review provides a comprehensive account of recent research on the biosynthesis of metal oxide NPs, including mechanistic insights into biological production machinery, the latest reports on biogenesis, the properties of biosynthesized NPs, and directions for further improvement. In particular, scientific reports on the properties and applications of nanoparticles of the oxides of titanium, cerium, selenium, zinc, iron, and copper have been highlighted. This review discusses the significance of the green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, with respect to therapeutically based pharmaceutical applications as well as energy and environmental applications, using various novel approaches including one-minute sonochemical synthesis that are capable of responding to various stimuli such as radiation, heat, and pH. This study will provide new insight into novel methods that are cost-effective and pollution free, assisted by the biodegradation of biomass.
In the present study, Penicillium species extract isolated from Calophyllum apetalum was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and it was confirmed by changing the color of the silver nitrate UV–Vis spectrum. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by biophysical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction.
Ochratoxins
(OTs) with nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic,
and carcinogenic properties are thermostable fungal subordinate metabolites.
OTs contamination can occur before or after harvesting, during the
processing, packing, distribution, and storage of food. Mold development
and mycotoxin contamination can occur in any crop or cereal that has
not been stored properly for long periods of time and is subjected
to high levels of humidity and temperature. Ochratoxin A (OTA) presents
a significant health threat to creatures and individuals. There is
also a concern of how human interaction with OTA will also express
the remains of OTA from feedstuffs into animal-derived items. Numerous
approaches have been studied for the reduction of the OTA content
in agronomic products. These methods can be classified into two major
classes: inhibition of OTA adulteration and decontamination or detoxification
of food. A description of the various mycotoxins, the organism responsible
for the development of mycotoxins, and their adverse effects are given.
In the current paper, the incidence of OTA in various fodder and food
materials is discussed, which is accompanied by a brief overview of
the OTA mode of synthesis, physicochemical properties, toxic effects
of various types of ochratoxins, and OTA decontamination adaptation
methods. To our knowledge, we are the first to report on the structure
of many naturally accessible OTAs and OTA metabolism. Finally, this
paper seeks to be insightful and draw attention to dangerous OTA,
which is too frequently neglected and overlooked in farm duplication
from the list of discrepancy studies.
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