No abstract

The acetaminophen is one of analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can cause the hepatotoxicity. Many of the hepatoprotective of plant use in medicine to treatment of hepatic disorders. The aqueous Capparis spinosa extract (CSE) (500 mg/kg) was used to reduce the hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (PARA) (300mg/kg). The current study, 70 male albino mice (25-30 g) were divided into five group; group I: It were received 0.9% sodium chloride (control), group II: It were given PARA intraperitoneally (IP) (300 mg/kg), single dose, group III: It were received PARA as a single dose (300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP) directly followed by oral administration of the CSE (500 mg/kg) single dose per day for 21 days, group IV: It were received CSE (500 mg/kg) single dose per days for 21 days the injected by PARA intraperitoneally (IP) (300mg/kg), and Group V: It were administered orally of CSE only (500 mg/kg) per days for 21 days. The animals each groups above sacrificed at 1 h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 72h, 10 days and 21 days. Blood samples were collected to determine the serum of CYP450 2E1 and GSH. The PARA (300mg/kg) increased the CYP450 2E1 and reduced the GSH serum levels significantly when compared with the control group (P<0.05). The CSE showed non-significantly effect on these markers. The CSE showed the higher reducing effect on CYP450 2E1 and GSH level induced by PARA toxicity about 19.53% in (CSE+PARA) group, and about 62.52% in (PARA+CSE) group respectively. This research conclude that the CSE (500 mg/kg) reduces the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol (300mg/kg IP) significantly.

Present study was included the assessment of biological activity of Pomegranate Peels Punica granaatum plant extract toward fourth Culex quinquefasciatus larvae mosquito (Order: Diptera, Family: Culicidae) by testing ethanolic and Silver nanoparticles extracts. Results of present study revealed that Silver nanoparticles extract was more toxic than ethanolic extract and the mortality rates were reached to 90 % after 72 h exposure time when it treated with 5 µg/ml compared to 0% at control treatments. Ethanolic extract also was toxic at concentration 5 µg/ml and mortality rates were reached to 80% after 72 h exposure time. Study of larvae after death showed that penetration of Silver nanoparticles extract was entered inside mid gut of larvae after damage of body wall. SEM analysis indicated to that more deformation found in body wall thus AgNPs were easily penetration through skin of fourth larvae. SEM analysis also was showed that Silver nanoparticles were clustered and irregular or oval shapes.

The parts of eggplant Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) (leaf, stem, root, flower, and fruit) were taking in two stages, vegetative and flowering stage (Iraq), to determine the influence of total content of plenolic compounds, (as phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and anthocyanin), alkaloids compound and antioxidant capacity of crude extract of these parts. Ultrasonic extracted by ethyl-acetate solvent, qualitative assay by deferent reagent. The flowers showed high content of phenolic compound as phenol, tannin, anthocyanin, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, while seeds showed high content of alkaloids with significant value, p<0.05. Stage of growth of roots, stems, and leave showed no significant differences effect in phenol content, otherwise, the flowering stage of roots, stems, and leave showed high content of flavonoids with significant value compared with vegetative stage Flowering stage of roots and stems showed high content of tannin with significant value compared with vegetative and flowering stage otherwise in leave. Vegetative stage of roots showed high value of anthocyanin content with significant value, compared with flowering stage. Otherwise, the vegetative stage of roots, stems, and leave showed high content of alkaloids with significant value high value of flowering stage. Antioxidant capacity were the best in vegetative stage of roots, stems, and leave compared with the flowering stage in conjunction with alkaloids.

The callus induction by use 1.5mg/l of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) as auxin and 2mg/l of BA as cytokinins were added to MS medium that prepared as above before sterilize step. Sodium Chloride and Lysine effect on callus induction and growth of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.).Five concentration of Sodium Chloride Salts (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8) were added to the culture medium and five concentrations of lysine (0, 10, 20, 30and 40mg/l) added to cultured medium. Results showed that NaCl at (2g/l) increased callus induction, fresh weight, dry weight and potassium ions of callus. The study also showed that (2 g \l) of NaCl was signification increased Sodium and Chloride ions of callus. Lysine (Lys) effect on callus characteristics:-The treatment 40mg\l outperformed of the rest treatments including control by gave the highest values of callus fresh and dry weights, as well as ions, soluble carbohydrates