Protein energy malnutrition is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality and morbidity in developing countries. (1) It is a global health problem which starts in womb and ends in tomb. Protein energy malnutrition is a disease of multi-deprivation and poverty affecting nearly 150 million children under the age of 5 years in the world. Out of the 120 million children in India, 75 million are estimated to suffer from visible protein energy malnutrition. (2) Three countries, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan account for half of world's underweight children despite having just 29 percent of the developing world's under five population. (3) It is not only an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality but leads to permanent impairment of physical and possibly of mental growth. Magnesium is essential for bioenergetic reactions controlling fuel oxidation, membrane transport and signal transmission contributing to the action of more than 300 enzymes. (4) It is important for membrane stabilization and nerve conduction. Adenosine triphosphate and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) need associated magnesium when they are used by ATPases, cyclases and kinases. However hypomagnesaemia may produce hypokalaemia that only corrects with magnesium therapy (5) Magnesium deficiency may cause grave disturbances including neurologic signs such as twitching, tremors and convulsions (6) Magnesium decreases calcium uptake by the cells, inhibits smooth muscle contractility, inhibits histamine and acetyl choline release and depresses excitability of smooth muscle fibres. Thus it has bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory properties. (2) Magnesium modulates vasomotor tone, blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. Magnesium deficiency is known to trigger vasoconstriction and enhances vascular endothelial injury. (1,7) On the other hand ET-1(endothelin-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide. Results of a previous study showed that the mean serum endothelin-1 levels in a group with low magnesium levels were significantly higher than that of group with normal magnesium levels in malnourished children(p<0.05). (8) An article cites evidence in support of a hypothesis that a fall in magnesium levels triggers a temporal sequence of events involving vasoconstriction, hemodynamic alterations and vascular endothelial injury to produce pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant and pro-fibrogenic effects resulting in initial perivascular myocardial damage and replacement fibrosis. (7) Dietary magnesium deficiency is more prevalent than generally suspected and can cause cardiovascular lesions leading to diseases in all stages of life. Magnesium deficiency leads to cardiac arrhythmias that are refractory unless magnesium is added to regimen. (9) Rich sources of magnesium include legumes, nuts, bananas and whole grains. (4) So knowing the patho-physiology of magnesium deficiency in human body it is very clear the damage that occurs in a malnourished child who is already in a oxidative stress. As a result this study will help us to know the poor outcome of protein en...

Aims: In Type 2 diabetes, Insulin resistant leads microvascular and macrovascular complication. Early finding prevents from this complication and it is a challenging task. A decade research shows adiponectin may be a marker for insulin resistant. Increasing the level of adiponectin prevent the progression of insulin resistant (IR). In this research we are striving adiponectin as a biomarker for insulin resistant also associating the correlation with lipid parameter in the South Indian population. Methods: 30 Type 2 Diabetic patients, 20 Controls were studied. Fasting serum sample were used to measure Adiponectin, Insulin, Lipid parameters (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL) Fasting plasma sample were used to measure Glucose. Anthropometric data including height, weight, BMI and were measured using a standard technique. Results: Wilcoxon signed rank test shows the significant variation between Adiponectin and other analytes. The reduction of mean adiponectin value observed in patient's sample compared to control sample. Insignificant negative correlation between Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and Adiponectin also negative correlation between Adiponectin and Insulin observed. In lipid parameters, significant positive correlation between Adiponectin and HDL and significant negative correlation between Adiponectin and triglyceride observed. Conclusion: Adiponectin might be a prediction for biomarker in Type 2 diabetes associated insulin resistant among South Indians also if test has been done with the high specificity and sensitivity ELISA kit it will improve the insignificant correlation to significant correlation.

Background: community acquired pneumonia also known as CAP refers to pneumonia contracted by a person with little contact with the healthcare system. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are generally considered to be the first line of treatment however there is considerable concern about the emerging resistance among the usual CAP pathogens to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was comparison of different antibiotic treatment in children with community-acquired pneumonia.Method: A total of 100 paediatric patients who were admitted to the Emergency Department of medical institution with suspicion of pneumonia were included in the study. All the patients will be divided broadly into two study groups with 50 patients in each group. Group 1 patients were given intravenous amoxiclav, while Group 2 received intravenous ceftriaxone.Results: In present study subjects from, Group 1 i.e. amoxclav group 42% had fever, i.e. 24% were suffering from tachypnea and only 4% suffered from tachycardia and abnormal was found in 20/50 patients. Whereas in Group 2 -60% were suffering from fever, 16/50 i.e. 32% has tacypnea, 3/50 i.e. 6% had tachycardia and 16/50 i.e. 32 had abnormal WBC. In present study abnormal WBC was found to be more in first group.Conclusions: Ceftriaxone and amoxiclav can be used successfully in treatment of CAP.

Tyrosinemia Type 1 is a rare inherited metabolic disorder attributable to a deficiency of enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. It has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The accumulation of tyrosine and its toxic metabolites succinylacetone and succinyl acetoacetate in various tissues leads to the characteristic hepatic failure, renal dysfunction, and neurological crisis. Here, we present a case of a 7-month-old female infant who was brought with complaints of jaundice, dyspnea, altered level of consciousness, refusal to feed. We highlight the need for early diagnosis, including prenatal testing and initiating treatment at the earliest, which goes a long way not only in the survival, but also the quality of life in these patients.

Background: Asthma is widely known as a multifactorial respiratory disorder with both genetic and environmental underlying risk factors. Exposures to common allergens and air pollution from various sources have all been implicated as triggers of the disease. Chronic respiratory diseases are leading cause of death worldwide. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of bronchial asthma and its associated factors among children of known population.Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study consisting of 400 children. Data was obtained from two government schools and two private schools. Both males and females aged below 10 years were selected for the study. A pretested and validated questionnaire was designed.Results: The prevalence of asthma in current asthmatics in present study was found to be 20%. The prevalence rate was higher among those with family history of asthma. 82.5% current asthmatics were suffering from rhinitis.Conclusions: Asthma is a common problem faced in today world especially in children the symptoms and risk factors should not be ignored. Those with family history of asthma should take precautions.