Introdução: Empatia é definida como processo psicológico orientado por mecanismos que englobam as esferas afetiva, cognitiva e comportamental quanto à observação da experiência do outro, essencial à área médica no estabelecimento de confiança entre médico e paciente. Objetivos: Identificar as variáveis que podem influenciar nos níveis de empatia no decorrer da graduação médica, tais como gênero, ano de graduação e escolha da especialidade médica. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se consulta nos bancos de dados: BIREME, PubMed e Google Scholar. Os critérios de inclusão na seleção foram os idiomas, período de publicação (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018), e que correspondessem à temática, e exclusão de artigos que avaliavam os índices de empatia com profissionais e alunos de residência médica. Resultados: Os resultados foram diversificados, desde a afirmação de que o grau de empatia não alterava com o passar dos anos na graduação de medicina até que esse nível se modificava entre o primeiro e sexto ano entre os estudantes, em que prevalecera a notável queda dos níveis de empatia após o terceiro ano da graduação, significativamente no sexo masculino. Conclusões: Observa-se que durante a graduação em cursos de medicina há uma redução dos níveis de empatia, durante o ciclo clínico, algo que afeta negativamente a relação médico-paciente, promovendo dificuldades na comunicação e na adesão ao tratamento.
17α-Ethinylestradiol is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that make up most contraceptive pills and can be found in the environment. Exposure to ethinylestradiol in different development periods may promote changes in morphophysiological parameters of reproductive and endocrine organs. Considering that the effects of low doses (15 µg/kg/day) of ethinylestradiol in ovaries from 12-month-old female gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were investigated. Four experimental groups used were control (without treatment), EE/PRE (treated from the 18th to the 22nd gestational day), EE/PUB (treated from the 42nd to the 49th day of life), and EE/PRE-PUB (treated in the both periods). The animals were euthanized at 12 months. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels were measured. The ovaries were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Periodic Acid Schiff, and Gomori’s Trichome. The follicles, corpus luteum, interstitial gland, lipofuscin, ovarian epithelium, and tunica albuginea were analyzed. Estradiol was higher in EE/PRE and EE/PUB groups, while testosterone was higher only in EE/PUB group. The main changes in follicle count occurred in EE/PUB and EE/PRE-PUB groups, with higher primordial follicle count and lower maturation of follicles. The corpus luteum was more evident in EE/PRE group. No differences were found in atretic follicles count. A higher area occupied by interstitial gland cells and lipofuscin deposit in these cells was noted in EE/PUB and EE/PRE-PUB groups. Higher epithelium height and thicker tunic albuginea were showed in treated groups. These results suggest that exposure to doses of EE2 in prenatal and pubertal periods of the development leads to morphological changes in senile ovaries.
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