Background: The aim of this study is to explore the correlation between Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) infection and lung carcinoma.Methods: Databases of PubMed, Embase, Embase, Ovid, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database were investigated for eligible literatures from their establishments to February, 2019. Included studies were selected according to specific eligibility criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3 software.Results: Thirteen studies with 2,553 lung carcinoma cases and 2,460 controls were eligible for metaanalysis. The pooled results indicated that the C. pneumoniae infection IgA significantly increased the risk of lung carcinoma (OR =3.19; 95% CI, 1.96-5.19; P<0.00001) by random effect model. And for serum IgG, the pooled OR was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.29-3.16; P<0.00001) by using the random effects model. The results indicated that the IgA positive rate was significantly higher in lung cancer patients than healthy controls.Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that C. pneumoniae infection may be a potential risk factor for lung carcinoma. However, due to its significant heterogeneity in the included studies, the consequence should be understood with caution.

Aims: To explore the correlation between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and lung carcinoma. Methods: Databases of PubMed, Embase, Embase, Ovid, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database were investigated for eligible literatures from their establishments to February, 2019. Included studies were selected according to specific eligibility criteria. Statistical analysis were performed by RevMan 5.3 software. Results: Thirteen studies with 2553 lung carcinoma cases and 2460 controls were eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that the C. pneumoniae infection IgA significant increased the risk of lung carcinoma (OR=3.19; 95% CI=1.96-5.19; p < 0.00001) by random effect model. And for serum IgG, the pooled OR was 2.02 ( 95% CI=1.29-3.16; p < 0.00001) by using the random effects model. The results indicated that the IgA positive rate was significantly higher in lung cancer patients than healthy controls. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that C. pneumoniae infection may be a potential risk factor for lung carcinoma. However, due to its significant heterogeneity in the included studies, the consequence should be understand with caution.

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Introduction: Legionnaires’ disease is caused by Legionella bacteria, and commonly manifests as pneumonia and has a high fatality rate. Patient concerns: This case study reports on the fatal incident of a patient, initially diagnosed with pneumonia, and subsequently diagnosed with Legionnaires’ disease caused by a new sequence type (ST) of Legionella. Diagnosis: It is speculated that the patient acquired Legionnaires’ disease from a contaminated water source. Legionnaires’ disease was diagnosed using the Legionella urinary antigen assay and bacterial cultures of respiratory secretions; Legionella pneumophilia Type 1 was also identified through serological testing. Sequence-based typing of the cultured bacterium revealed it to be a previously unidentified species, and it was named ST2345 new-type. Interventions: In addition to the treatment of Legionnaires’ disease, blood samples taken on the second day of admission showed a co-infection of Candida tropicalis, which was treated with anti-fungal treatment. The patient improved after a week, however, on the seventh day of administration lower respiratory secretions showed the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia, indicative of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Outcomes: Despite active treatment, the patient passed away due to multiple organ failure. As this was a fatal case, further research is needed to determine whether the critical condition of this case was related to the virulence of the novel Legionella strain. Conclusion: A key finding of this study is that treatment for suspected Legionnaires’ disease must be administered rapidly, as infection with Legionella may give rise to secondary pathogenic infections.

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