Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer related mortality. Genetic background may account for the difference in susceptibility of individuals to different diseases and the relationship between genetic polymorphism and some diseases has been extensively studied. There are several common polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair enzymes, some of these polymorphisms are reported to result in subtle structural alterations of the repair enzyme and modulation of the repair capacity. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of XPG Asp 1104His and XRCC1 Arg309Gln polymorphisms on risk of prostate cancer in north Indian population. Statistically significant increased risk of prostate cancer was observed on individuals that posses His/His genotype of XPG (OR 2.53, 95% CI 0.99-6.56, P = 0.031). In this study 150 prostate cancer diagnosed patients, 150 healthy controls and 150 BPH (benign prostate hyper plasia) were recruited from north Indian population. Moreover, individuals that carried the Gln/Gln genotype of XRCC1 also showed statistically increased risk of prostate cancer (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.07-4.00, P = 0.033). The Asp/Asp of XPG and Gln/Gln of XRCC1 in combination showed statistically increased risk of prostate cancer in cases (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.09-10.16, P = 0.032).

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Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins are referred to as CRISPR-Cas9. Bacteria and archaea have an adaptive (acquired) immune system. As a result, developing the best single regulated RNA and Cas9 endonuclease proteins and implementing the method in clinical practice would aid in the treatment of diseases of various origins, including lung cancers. This seminar aims to provide an overview of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as well as current and potential applications and perspectives for the method, as well as its mechanism of action in lung cancer therapy. This technology can be used to treat lung cancer in two different ways. The first approach involves creating single directed RNA and Cas9 proteins and then distributing them to cancer cells using suitable methods. Single directed RNA looks directly at the lung’s mutated epidermal growth factor receptor and makes a complementary match, which is then cleaved with Cas9 protein, slowing cancer progression. The second method is to manipulate the expression of ligand-receptors on immune lymphocytic cells. For example, if the CRISPR-Cas9 system disables the expression of cancer receptors on lymphocytes, it decreases the contact between the tumor cell and its ligand-receptor, thus slowing cancer progression.

A growing body of evidence suggests that host genetic factors play an important role both in susceptibility to HIV infection and progression to AIDS. The present study aimed at evaluating the role of IL-6 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms on the risk of HIV susceptibility and disease progression among North Indian patients. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques were applied to genotype IL-6 and IL-10. 300 seropositive and an equal number of age- and sex-matched seronegative control subjects were recruited for this study. There was statistically no significant variation in the frequencies of IL-6 and IL-10 genotypes among cases and controls. However, statistically non-significant association for risk of rapid disease progression was observed due to the combined effect of the IL-6 homozygous CC genotype and CC of IL-10, OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.38-6.91. Therefore, combined effects of the CC of IL-6 and CC of IL-10 might reduce the hosts ability to hinder viral replication after infection.

Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in men next to skin cancer in the developed world. Risk of disease varies most prominently with age, ethnicity, family history, and diet. Genetic polymorphism of some genes has been implicated in increasing the risk. The XPD (Xeroderma pigmentosum group D) gene codes for a DNA helicase involved in transcription and nucleotide excision repair. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of XPD 751 Lys/Gln polymorphism on risk of prostate cancer on north Indian patients. Blood sample from 150 prostate cancer patients, 150 from Prostate Hyper Plasia and equal number of samples from healthy control groups was collected from North India. The polymerase chain reaction and restrictive fragment length polymorphism techniques were implemented. Statistically non-significant increase risk of prostate cancer was observed with patients having Gln/Gln genotype (OR 1.62, 95% CI).