Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common and potentially disabling gastrointestinal disorders. The pathogenesis of this disorder remains obscure. However, many etiological explanations point toward bacterial etiology. Also, several studies have documented that psychological and social factors may play a role. Medical education is among the most challenging and stressful education, and this may predispose to high rates of IBS. Objectives: The aims of this study are to estimate the frequency of IBS in a selected sample of students of Faculty of Medicine in Ain Shams University and to find out the determinants associated with this disorder.

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Background: Migraine is a recurrent neurovascular disorder which lowers the quality of life. Middle-aged women are more susceptible to migraine than men. It is either migraine with aura (MA) or migraine without aura (MO). Molecular genetic studies of migraine have investigated many polymorphisms possibly associated with migraine particularly rs4846049 and A1298C polymorphisms. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) gene 677CT polymorphism is one of the proposed genetic changes affecting migraine. Aim of Study:This study aimed at assessing its role in migraine in Egyptian population and its relation to the clinical manifestations of the disease and to find a possible link to effectiveness or resistance to 677CT treatment protocols. Subjects and Methods:This study was conducted on (180) subjects who were divided into two groups: Group I (patients, group) which included (120) adult patients with migraine recruited from Headache Clinic in Ain Shams University Hospitals and were diagnosed with migraine according to ICHD diagnostic criteria 3 rd edition beta version (2013), and Group II (control group) which included (60) age-and sexmatched apparently healthy subjects. MTHFR 677CT polymorphism was assessed using Restriction Fragment Length Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR) technique. Results:The study demonstrated a significant association between MTHFR gene polymorphism (C677T) and migraine (p<0.001), Odd's Ratio (OR)=6.0, 95% CI (1.84-19.59). Both heterozygous (CT) and homozygous (TT) female patients were significantly more susceptible to develop migraine than both heterozygous (CT) and homozygous (TT) males (χ 2 : 12.48, p<0.05). Patients with homozygous type (TT) showed positive significant risk to develop aura (50%) (p<0.001), OR=45.0, ) while patients with heterozygous type (CT) showed positive significant risk to have attacks of migraine associated with photophobia (58.3%) (p<0.001), OR=21.0, 95%CI (3.10-142.21) or phonophobia (56.5%) (p<0.001), OR=13.0, 95%CI (2.09-81.05) or both. Significant statistical difference was seen on comparing

Background Tubulointerstitial inflammation (TI) associated with systemic lupus erythematosis is an increasing finding in lupus nephritis. TI severity may have prognostic significance in the renal outcomes of lupus nephritis. Here, we aimed to determine whether non-albumin proteinuria is associated with TI severity and with the renal response in lupus nephritis. Objective To investigate the possible association between non-albumin proteinuria, tubulointerstial inflammation severity and poor renal response after immunosuppressive treatment. Patients and Methods This is a case series study which was conducted on 100 patients with systemic lupus erythematosis recruited from the outpatient clinic of Clinical Immunology at Ain Shams University Hospitals. Subject ages were between 13-53 years old, each one was subjected to detailed history, physical examination, laboratory investigations including serum creatinine before and after treatment, protein/creatinine ratio before and after treatment, albumin/creatinine ratio, ESR, CRP, CBC, C3 C4, anti DNA, eGFR and renal biopsy Results Our results showed that non-albumin proteinuria (uPCR − uACR) was significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe TI than in patients with no-tomild TI. Further, higher uPCR − uACR levels at baseline were associated with poor renal response after 6 months of treatment. Conclusion we found that non-albumin proteinuria (uPCR-uACR) is associated with severe tubulointerstitial inflammation (TI) in lupus nephritis.