Like many countries around the world (Colfer and Capistrano 2005), Indonesia has initiated a process of decentralization, particularly since the fall of Suharto in 1998. This process has included devolving extensive authority for day-today governance to the districts (kabupaten). In the forestry sector, district heads immediately began making use of forest resources as the main source of district income. Concerns over increased uncertainty and adverse impacts on the sustainability of resources, community livelihoods, and stakeholder relations led the central government to reduce the district heads' authority in 2002 (Barr et al. 2006; Dermawan, Komarudin, and McGrath 2006; Yasmi et al. 2006). A revised law on decentralization was issued in 2004, aiming to clarify the 1999 law on the roles and responsibilities shared among the government units and open opportunities for central and regional governments to improve their relationship while providing the regional governments with continued freedom to develop their regions. The new arrangements allow local communities to articulate their development needs and participate in policymaking processes. However, despite legal and institutional reforms, challenges remain. Longstanding conflicting laws on natural resources also complicate finding legal solutions to problems, and property rights remain unclear. Decisionmaking processes for land use planning and local communities' access to resources are also unclear. There are limited mechanisms for meaningful input from communities, particularly from women. Unclear property rights over forestlands in Indonesia are one of the contentious issues. The country's forest communities typically have traditional systems of land tenure that bear little resemblance to the land classifications recognized by the government. Although the country's forestlands are strongly controlled by the central government, much of the official forestland is actually inhabited by indigenous or in-migrating communities, leading to disputes not only between local communities and private companies but also between district and central governments. The district governments' demand for forest conversion in order to meet development needs also poses challenges. These challenges are put in sharper focus by the increasing national and global attention
IntroductionAfter the fall of the Soeharto government in 1998, political reform, economic crises and decentralization created opportunities and challenges for forest-dwelling communities. Conflicts on rights of ownership over land have flared up throughout the country because of conflicting perceptions of ownership on lands claimed by the state and by the local communities. Various attempts have been made to resolve conflicts between communities and the government or private companies. However, despite these efforts property rights (known in some circles as 'management rights') remain unclear.Although decentralization has opened up opportunities for regional governments to develop the natural resources of their regions, the challenges of meeting the demand for land for farming, settlements, and forestry and estate-crop investment have become a heavy burden. Communities have new responsibilities for managing their natural resources, but lack adequate legal and administrative support. Contradictory legislation also complicates efforts to find legal solutions that accommodate community aspirations. Decentralization needs to be accompanied by clear procedures and legal mechanisms, both of which are important for recognizing property rights and supporting strong collective action for poor communities.Community property rights are not limited to rights of ownership but also include tenurial rights and rights to utilize and manage natural/forest resources. Property rights over land are recognized as important supporting factors, both social and economic, for the smallest community units, i.e., families. In the context of communities that live near forests, growing populations and the increasingly limited area of land around the villages that is suitable for cultivation have led communities to demand land security. There is, on the one hand, increasing community demand for farming land as a livelihood source, while on the other hand the land that is available is not being used productively; this includes state forests that are no longer forested. While these areas are seen as having potential for more profitable farming activities, efforts to utilize them and to secure clear property rights remain problems that stakeholders must face together. Collectively, communities are trying to negotiate with the government and private companies over their rights to manage natural resources for their future livelihood needs.
Governance Brief C e n t e r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l F o r e s t r y R e s e a r c h Berbeda dengan sistem perencanaan sebelumnya yang lebih menganut pendekatan top-down, sistem perencanaan yang diatur dalam UU 25/2004 dan aturan pelaksanaannya 2 menerapkan kombinasi pendekatan antara top-down dan bottom-up, yang lebih menekankan cara-cara aspiratif dan partisipatif. Dalam tataran global, kesadaran akan kelemahan pendekatan top-down dalam kegiatan pembangunan dan upaya pengentasan kemiskinan telah mendorong munculnya perhatian pada peranan partisipasi masyarakat dan pentingya memahami dinamika masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah serta interaksinya dengan pemerintahan yang lebih tinggi (Das Gupta et al, 2003).Ruang partisipasi yang lebih terbuka mendorong masyarakat untuk bergerak bersama dalam menyampaikan aspirasinya. Dalam studinya di Bangladesh, Mahmud (2001) menunjukkan peran aksi kolektif dalam membuat suara masyarakat lebih terdengar dan membuka peluang untuk memberikan pengaruh terhadap keputusan-keputusan institusi soal pelayanan publik. Aksi kolektif mendorong masyarakat lebih siap untuk terlibat dalam proses partisipasi.Pendekatan top-down dan partisipatif UU 25/2004 terwujud dalam bentuk rangkaian musrenbang yang dilakukan secara berjenjang dari mulai tingkat desa (musrenbangdes), kecamatan (musrenbang kecamatan) dan kabupaten (musrenbang kabupaten). Rangkaian forum ini menjadi bagian dalam menyusun sistem perencanaan dan anggaran untuk pelaksanaan kegiatan pembangunan setiap tahun. Melalui musrenbang, masyarakat berpeluang menyampaikan aspirasi mereka dan berpartisipasi dalam menghasilkan dokumen perencanaan pembangunan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat.Tulisan ini mencoba melihat sejauh mana pendekatan partisipatif dan bottom-up sebagai dua dari lima pendekatan 3 yang dianut dalam peraturan tersebut telah diterapkan dan mengakomodir aspirasi masyarakat? dan sejauh mana aksi kolektif mempunyai peran dalam mendorong masyarakat, termasuk perempuan, berinteraksi dengan pihak luar dan terlibat dalam forum musrenbang 4 ? Selain dari hasil wawancara dan diskusi dengan para pihak terkait di berbagai tingkatan, tulisan ini juga didasarkan atas pengalaman sebagian penulis yang terlibat langsung menjadi fasilitator kegiatan kelompok masyarakat di Desa Lubuk Kambing, Kab. Tanjabbar, dan mendampingi anggota kelompok melalui tahapan perencanaan, aksi dan refleksi sebagai bagian dari siklus penelitian aksi partisipatif.
Governance Brief C e n t e r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l F o r e s t r y R e s e a r c h PendahuluanSejak jatuhnya Pemerintahan Orde Baru pada tahun 1998, krisis ekonomi, reformasi politik dan desentralisasi telah menciptakan berbagai peluang dan tantangan bagi para pihak, termasuk masyarakat sekitar hutan. Sekalipun desentralisasi memberi kewenangan yang lebih besar bagi pemerintah daerah untuk mengembangkan sumberdaya alam di wilayahnya, namun persoalan kebutuhan lahan pertanian, pemukiman dan investasi bagi industri kehutanan dan perkebunan tidak mudah untuk diselesaikan. Konflik hak-hak kepemilikan atas lahan yang semakin marak di seluruh tanah air terjadi karena persepsi yang berbeda soal hak kepemilikan atas lahan, tidak jelasnya hukum pertanahan dan tumpang tindih antar peraturan. Sekalipun telah ada upaya penyelesaian konflik atas lahan baik antar masyarakat, maupun antara masyarakat dengan pihak lain seperti perusahaan, namun masih belum ada kejelasan soal hak properti, baik dalam bentuk hak kepemilikan maupun hak kelola.Seiring dengan bertambahnya penduduk, tuntutan masyarakat semakin tinggi terhadap lahan garapan sebagai sumber mata pencaharian. Terbatasnya lahan pertanian di sekitar hutan mendorong masyarakat untuk memperluas lahan kegiatan pertanian yang seringkali masuk ke kawasan hutan. Di satu sisi, kawasan hutan sebagian dalam kondisi tidak berhutan dan cukup potensial bagi kegiatan pertanian atau wana tani yang dapat memberi keuntungan sosial ekonomi masyarakat maupun lingkungan. Di sisi lain upaya untuk memanfaatkannya secara optimal masih terkendala akibat tidak jelasnya peran masyarakat dan hak properti. Padahal hak properti yang jelas menjadi faktor penting bagi semua pihak, termasuk masyarakat dan keluarga sebagai unit terkecil dari masyarakat, untuk mengelola sumberdaya secara lebih baik.Tulisan ini mengangkat peranan aksi kolektif masyarakat dalam memperoleh kepastian hak properti atas lahan dan manfaat pembangunan bagi masyarakat miskin sekitar hutan. Dengan menerapkan penelitian aksi partisipatif atau PAR (participatory action research), kelompok masyarakat di dua desa, Sungai Telang di Kabupaten Bungo dan Lubuk Kambing di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Provinsi Jambi, difasilitasi untuk belajar bersama memperkuat kelompok, mengenali masalah dan peluang, menyusun rencana dan melakukan aksi dan refleksi. Melalui pendekatan ini, partisipasi berbagai pihak diperlukan untuk mencari solusi praktis bagi berbagai permasalahan dan juga meningkatkan kemampuan setiap individu dan masyarakat (BrydonMiller et al, 2003). Melalui aksi kolektif, kelompok masyarakat berinteraksi dan bernegosiasi dengan para pihak di luar desa serta membangun jaringan kerja dalam rangka memperjuangkan hak kelola atas sumberdaya alam di sekitarnya.Forests and Governance Programme
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.