Aims:To study the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae and coresistance to other commonly used antibiotics from the Bhopal region of Central India.Settings and Design:A prospective study was conducted from September 2011 to August 2012 in Microbiology Department of our tertiary health care center.Materials and Methods:A total of 1044 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from various specimens. ESBL production was detected by using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) that described the phenotypic confirmatory test along with routine antibiotic susceptibility testing.Statistical Analysis:Two-tailed Z-test.Results:Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (65.32%). ESBL production was confirmed in 504 (48.27%) isolates. The isolates of E. coli (50.14%) were the most common ESBL producers. Maximum ESBL isolates were obtained from urine samples (52.28%) and male patients (52.54%). Sensitivity to imipenem was 100% followed by piperacillin–tazobactam (89.28%), meropenem (87.5%), and amikacin (83.92%). Significant resistance was detected against trimethoprim–sulfomethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, and gentamicin.Conclusion:This is the only study conducted from Central India and shows high prevalence of ESBL production among Enterobacteriaceae. Imipenem seems to be more sensitive than meropenem. Piperacillin–tazobactam combination was found to be the best among the β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Prevalence of ESBL producers were more in males than females.

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HIV-1 subtype C was found to be the predominant subtype of HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples attending our ICTC, followed by HIV-1 subtype B and HIV-1 subtype A, respectively. DNA sequencing was found to be the most reliable method for determining the subtypes of HIV-1.

Background: In COPD, acute exacerbation is the common problem during natural course. Studies of sputum samples using standard culture and molecular techniques have demonstrated that it is associated with increased prevalence of bacteria. Methods: 200 clinically diagnosed cases of AECOPD of age ≥45 years were recruited. Two sputum samples each were processed by conventional methods. Preparation of media, reagents, Gram staining, identification of culture isolates, different tests, including antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out following standard laboratory. Results: The prevalence of AECOPD was more common in the age group of fifty six to sixty five years (43%) with ratio between male and female of 2.12:1. Klebsiella pneumonia was the predominant organism isolated in 42.55%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 28.73%, P. aeruginosa in 14.89%, E coli in 8.51%, CONS in 4.26% and S. pneumoniae in 1.06%. Gram negative bacteria were most sensitive to meropenem, imepenem, amikacin, followed by cefotaxime ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, Cefepime and aztreonam. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were most sensitive to linezolid (34.04%) followed by vancomycin (32.98%), cefoxitin (31.91%).Conclusion: Sputum culture is a good and simple diagnostic tool to study the etiology due to bacteria in AECOPD. Antibiogram helps in the formation of the correct treatment protocol, screening resistant pathogens and better drug for treatment, thereby helping to decrease the mortality and morbidity.

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