Assessing the goodness-of-fit for intricate parametric spatial point processes is a necessary tool in many application fields. When the density of the hypothesized model is intractable, a commonly used test is the Monte Carlo goodness-of-fit test. Additionally, if data consists of a single dataset, a commonly used version of the test plugs in a parameter estimate to the hypothesized parametric model to generate data for the Monte Carlo goodness-of-fit test. In this case, the test is invalid because the resulting actual level does not meet the nominal level (Diggle, 2003, Sec. 6.2). In this article, we propose a method, consisting of nested Monte Carlo simulations, which has the following advantages: the bias of the resulting actual level of the test is eliminated, hence the nominal level can always be reached and information about inhomogeneity of the data can be provided. We theoretically justify our testing procedure using Taylor expansion, and demonstrate its consistent performance through various simulation studies. Using our testing method, we discover that Phlebocarya filifolia plants near Pearth, Australia follow a homogeneous Poisson clustered process which provides insight into the propagation mechanism of these plants. Also, with our approach, we find that a pairwise interaction model provides a good fit to the microanatomy data of amacrine cells designed for analyzing the developmental growth of immature retina cells of rabbits.

Malassezia species can cause serious dermatologic diseases in humans. Synthetic antifungal drugs, which have been usually utilised as a treatment for Malassezia-associated diseases, are belonged to the azole group. However, the hypersensitivity and resistance to synthetic drugs due to improper use are raising public concerns. Recently, the study of using herbal essential oils in the control of Malassezia fungus has attracted great attention from researchers. This study analysed and identified 19 compounds of Ocimum sanctum L. essential oil, where eugenol is the main composition in O. sanctum L. essential oil, accounting for 42.4%. O. sanctum L. essential oil showed strong activity against 3 strains of human skin fungi M. furfur VNF01, M. furfurATCC14521, and M. globosa VNG02 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 μl/ml. Using this concentration, 74.66-80.66% of tested yeast strains’ cell numbers were eliminated after a 20-minute treatment. The results suggested that the herbal O. sanctum L. essential oil could be a potential agent to develop cosmetic products including shampoo and cream for the prevention and treatment of Malassezia-associated diseases.

The cultivation and processing of turmeric are developing, resulting in a large amount of turmeric waste causing serious environmental pollution. Trichodermafungi are potential microbial sources for agricultural waste treatment thanks to their ability to synthesise several extracellular enzymes. In this study, 15 strains of Trichoderma were isolated from turmeric-growing soil in Hung Yen province. Among them, 4 strains, which were named HYT11, HYT12, HYT13, and HYT14, were found to have a high potential for synthesising cellulase, amylase, and protease enzymes. Based on morphological characteristics and ITS rDNA sequence analysis, 3 strains (HYT11, HYT12, and HYT13) were identified as Trichoderma asperellum and the strain HYT14 was identified as Trichoderma harzianum. All four strains showed the ability to grow and form conidia on turmeric waste. The study also determined the optimal conditions for the conidia formation of these strains, including a nutrient medium containing potato extract (200 g/l) supplemented with 2% glucose, 1% peptone, and 2% agar, and the cultivation of 7 days at 30oC. In summary, the research has selected four Trichodermastrains, HYT11, HYT12, HYT13, and HYT14, which are promising for application in treating turmeric waste.

Cordyceps militaris is an important medicinal mushroom in traditional medicine. It contains many bioactive compounds that have applications in medicine, such as cordycepin, adenosine... Recently, through genome analysis, C. militaris has been shown to have the ability to synthesise pentostatin. Pentostatin is an important active ingredient in the production of chemotherapy drugs used in cancer treatment. However, there have been few studies on the development of methods for quantifying pentostatin in C. militaris. In this study, a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the quantification of pentostatin in C. militaris was developed and validated. The chromatographic separations were obtained by an Agilent C18 column (250x4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) using gradient elution with acetonitrile and water. The flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and detection wavelength of 280 nm were selected. The calibration curve displayed a good linear correlation (R2>0.99). The validation results displayed great accuracy, repeatability, linearity, and selectivity according to The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guideline.

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