No abstract

We have fabricated and successfully tested an analog vector-by-matrix multiplier, based on redesigned 10×12 arrays of 55 nm commercial NOR flash memory cells. The modified arrays enable high-precision individual analog tuning of each cell, with sub-1% accuracy, while keeping the highly optimized cells, with their long-term state retention, intact. The array has an area of 0.33 μm 2 per cell, and is at least one order of magnitude more dense than the reported prior implementations of nonvolatile analog memories. The demonstrated vector-by-vector multiplier, using gate coupling to additional periphery cells, has ~2% precision, limited by the aggregate effect of cell noise, retention, mismatch, process variations, tuning precision, and capacitive crosstalk. A differential version of the multiplier has allowed us to demonstrate sub-3% temperature drift of the output signal in the range between 25 C and 85 C.

Abstract-

Abstract. The dynamics of liquid-vapor phase-change in the nanosecond time-scale induced by pulsed-laser heating of a liquid on a solid sample is studied by means of optical reflectance and scattering measurements, and the piezoelectric detection technique. The Iiquids studied include water, ethanol, merhanol, EsopmPmpyl Alcohol P A ) , and mixtures of water and IPA. Here, we present, in addition to the optical, reflectance and scartering monitoring, the simultaneous application of the piezoelectric transducer measurements to the study of nucleation dynamics and explosive vaporization of various liquids on an opaque soIid sample that is flash heated by a short laser pulse. h an analogy 10 the reflectance signal, it is also observed &at the transient acoustic signal exhibits a threshold behavior which confirms bubble nucleation. Furthermore i t is observed that Ithe pressure wave generated by the liquid explosion causes repetitive cavitations at the surface of the solid sample.

The dynamics of the explosion of a liquid film by an ultraviolet excimer pulsed laser is studied experimentally on top of an amorphous silicon (aSi) film deposited on fused quartz. In particular, the transient temperature as well as the nucleation of the superheated liquid at the interface for laser fluences below and above the spontaneous nucleation threshold are monitored using an optical transmission technique. Results for different pure and mixed liquids are presented for cases of different thicknesses of the a-Si film. Details for the calibration of the transmission signal to obtain the interface temperature are provided through the application of the one-dimensional diffusion model and the characteristic matrix theory using data obtained from previous steady-state experiments. The calibrated results are in reasonable agreement with the known data for superheated liquids in the literature as well as theoretical calculations. In addition, the delay times for spontaneous nucleation of the liquids are estimated to be 5 1 ps, generally comparable with those observed in droplet explosion experiments.