Enabling formulations are an attractive approach to increase the dissolution rate, solubility, and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds. With the growing prevalence of poorly soluble drug compounds in the pharmaceutical pipeline, supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS), a subset of enabling formulations, have grown in popularity due to their properties allowing for drug concentrations greater than the corresponding crystalline solubility. However, the extent of supersaturation generated as the enabling formulation traverses the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is dynamic and poorly understood. The dynamic nature of supersaturation is a result of several competing kinetic processes such as dissolution, solubilization by formulation and endogenous surfactants, crystallization, and absorption. Ultimately, the free drug concentration, which is equivalent to the drug's inherent thermodynamic activity amid these kinetic processes, defines the true driving force for drug absorption. However, in cases where solubilizing agents are present (i.e., surfactants and bile salts), drug molecules may associate with colloidal nanoscale species, complicating drug activity determination. These nanoscale species can drift into the aqueous boundary layer (ABL), increasing the local API activity at the membrane surface, resulting in increased bioavailability. Herein, a novel approach was developed to accurately measure thermodynamic drug activity in complex media containing drug distributed in nanoparticulate species. This approach captures the influence of the ABL on the observed flux and, ultimately, the predicted unbound drug concentration. The results demonstrate that this approach can help to (1) measure the true extent of local supersaturation in complex systems containing solubilizing excipients and (2) elucidate the mechanisms by which colloidal aggregates can modulate the drug activity in solution and potentially enhance the flux observed across a membrane. The utilization of these techniques may provide development scientists with a strategy to evaluate formulation sensitivity to nanospeciation and allow formulators to maximize the driving force for absorption in a complex environment, perhaps enabling the development of dissolution methods with greater discrimination and correlation to pre-clinical and clinical data sets.

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Harga saham dapat menjadi indikator kinerja perusahaan. Jika harga saham yang tinggi dapat dipertahankan maka kepercayaan terhadap perusahaan akan semakin tinggi dan dapat menaikkan nilai perusahaan. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi harga saham, diantaranya inflasi,  return on asset, dan dividen. Perusahaan yang diteliti masuk dalam daftar LQ-45 dari tahun 2006-2015 dan sampel yang terpilih sebanyak sepuluh perusahaan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Variabel independen penelitian terdiri dari tingkat inflasi, return on asset (ROA), dan dividend payout ratio(DPR) dan harga saham sebagai variabel dependen. Metode analisis menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Terdapat  pengaruh yang signifikan secara parsial antar variabel inflasi terhadap harga saham dan ROA terhadap harga saham, sedangkan variabel DPR tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap harga saham. Secara uji simultan diketahui adanya pengaruh yang signifikan antara variabel inflasi, ROA dan DPR terhadap harga saham. Kata kunci: Inflasi, ROA, DPR, Harga Saham