Background: The field of medicine is currently experiencing high progress, one of which is the radiography. The use of X-rays in medicine is as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid. X-rays can be used for diagnosis and treatment of patients. Therapy using radiation is called radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is one way of dealing with cancer, including cancer of the head and neck. The basic principle in radiotherapy for cancer or malignancy is to cause damage to every molecule that is exposed to radiation, resulting in the rupture of cell molecules so that cell damage occurs. Objective: To review various research articles related to the description of the effect of radiation on salivary pH. Methods: A review was conducted on 8 journals that were found to match the inclusion criteria such as journals available in full-text form and research subjects on the effect of radiation on salivary pH. Results: Based on 8 articles that have been reviewed, it was found that 8 articles (100%) stated that there was an effect of radiation on salivary pH after exposure to radiation after radiotherapy. The results showed that articles related to decreasing salivary pH stated that after being exposed to radiation after radiotherapy they tended to decrease salivary pH rather than increase it. Conclusion: there was a decrease in salivary pH after exposure to radiation. Keywords: Radiation, radiotherapy, salivary glands, salivary pH, X-rays. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Bidang kedokteran saat ini telah mengalami kemajuan yang tinggi, salah satunya bagian radiografi. Penggunaan sinar-X dalam bidang kedokteran adalah sebagai alat bantu diagnostik dan terapi. Sinar-X dapat dimanfaatkan untuk diagnosa maupun terapi pasien. Terapi dengan menggunakan radiasi disebut radioterapi. Radioterapi merupakan salah satu cara dalam usaha menanggulangi kanker, termasuk kanker pada bagian kepala dan leher. Prinsip dasar dalam radioterapi kanker atau keganasan adalah menimbulkan kerusakan pada setiap molekul yang terkena paparan sinar radiasinya mengakibatkan pecahnya molekul-molekul sel sehingga terjadi kerusakan sel.  Tujuan: Mengulas berbagai artikel penelitian yang berkaitan dengan gambaran pengaruh radiasi terhadap pH saliva. Metode: Review dilakukan pada 8 jurnal yang ditemukan sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi seperti jurnal tersedia dalam bentuk full-text dan subjek penelitian pengaruh radiasi terhadap pH saliva. Hasil: Berdasarkan 8 artikel yang telah dilakukan telaah, didapatkan bahwa 8 artikel (100%) menyatakan bahwa terdapat pengaruh radiasi terhadap pH saliva setelah terkena paparan radiasi pasca radioterapi. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa artikel yang berkaitan dengan penurunan pH saliva menyatakan setelah terkena radiasi pasca radioterapi cenderung dapat menurunkan pH saliva daripada meningkatkan pH tersebut. Kesimpulan: Terjadi penurunan pH saliva setelah terkena paparan radiasi. Kata kunci: Kelenjar saliva, , pH saliva, radiasi, radioterapi, sinar-X.

The purpose of this study is to discuss diverting payments to other parties in terms of buying and selling credit goods. These cases have recently rampant occurred in the midst of modern society. Therefore, we tried to find out how Islamic law views such practice. The method used in this study is library research, conducted by collecting library materials such as journals, books, and archives of literature documents. We review them with various theories that have a relationship with the problem being investigated. As for sources for primary legal theory in our research, we used the Quran, Hadith, Laws, and Regulations. The result of our study concludes that the practice of diverting payments to other parties in the sale and purchase of credit goods today, in fact, only involves the first and second buyers unbeknownst to the leasing company - which is supposedly the legal owner of the credit goods being traded. Originated from such a problem transaction that ignores the procedural and regulatory aspects of the leasing company, it causes a default in the form of delays in payment of installments and embezzlement credit objects. Even though this is a common issue, however, in the view of Islamic law, diverting payments to other parties in buying and selling credit goods is allowed as long as it meets the requirements and pillars and is based on the correct procedure by involving the leasing party.Keywords: Diverting of Payments, Credit Goods, Islamic Law.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendiskripsikan (1) bentuk peran serta masyarakat dalam membangun wisata kampung bunga ialah bentuk peran serta terjadinya di kawasan kampung bunga, yaitu berupa: peran serta berupa sumbang pemikiran, peran serta berupa barang/alat, partisispasi dalam bentuk tenaga dan peran serta melalui dana. (2) Pengorganisasian masyarakat sebagai pelaksana dan tenaga dalam membangun kampung wisata ialah pembentukan organisasi nonformal lebih diwujudkan karena dengan mewujudkan organisasi tersebut rasa tanggung jawab dan keinginan untuk memliki kebersamaan lebih tercipta dibandingkan dengan organisiasi formal yang dibebankan tanggung jawab pada orang yang bersangkutan saja. (3) Pemanfaatan solidaritas sosial dalam membangun wisata kampung bunga untuk dijadikan sebagai sumber belajar IPS ialah Mulai dari pembelajaran tentang kegiatan peran di masyarakat, sifat dan bentuk solidaritas sosial dan peran serta sosal di masyarakat, fungsi dan pengorganisasian dalam mengelola keragaman sosial budaya, hingga tentang kerjasama di masyarakat.