Eingegangen am 2. Mai 1972 C-Radikale werden durch H-Abstraktion aus dem organischen Losungsmittel mit OH-Radikalen (Fentons Reagenz) erzeugt. In Anwesenheit von Chinonen werden die Radikale abgefangen, wobei alkylierte Chinone gebildet werden. Die Alkylierung verlauft in guten Ausbeuten, wenn die Radikale durch oxydative Decarboxylierung von Carbonsauren (mit Silberionen und Persulfat) erzeugt werden.
Alkylation of Quinones with Radicals: Generation of Radicals in Redox ReactionsCarbon radicals are generated from organic solvents by H-abstraction with OH' (Fenton's reagent). They are scavenged by quinones whereby alkylated quinones are formed. The alkylation proceeds with good yields when the radicals are produced by oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acids (with silver ions and persulfate).Da der Nachweis von Radikalen in letzter Zeit durch die ESR-Spektroskopie erheblich erleichtert worden ist, war es naheliegend, diese spektroskopische Methode zur Untersuchung der synthetischen Verwendbarkeit radikalischer Reaktionen auszunutzen. So wurde z. B. mit der Nitroxidmethode nachgewiesen, daD bei der Zersetzung von Wasserstoffperoxid in Sulfoxiden Alkylradikale gebildet wurdenl), und zwar in so groBer Menge, daR die Reaktion mit Erfolg zur Alkylierung von Aromaten verwendet werden konnte 2.3).Die Bildung von Kohlenstoffradikalen aus verschiedenen Losungsmitteln als Folge der Wasserstoffabstraktion durch OH' ist sowohl mit der Flow-Methode4) als auch mit der Nitroxidmethodes) untersucht worden. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Methoden sind zum Teil verschieden, was auf die Sekundarreaktion der Primarradikale zuriickzufuhren ist6). Mit der Flow-Methode ist ein empfindlicherer Nachweis der verschiedenen *) Professor Georg Wittig zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.
The two enantiomers of the insecticide fipronil were made by preparative HPLC. The insecticidal activities of the racemic mixture and the two enantiomers against selected agricultural or household pests (cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus F; grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius L and house fly, Musca domestica L) were determined. There was no significant difference in acute or residual activity between the racemic mixture and the enantiomers of fipronil, indicating that there is no preferred chiral form of the compound in these key species of important insects. This observation clearly suggests that there is no major scope for marketing the insecticide in a one-enantiomer form.
Rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 oxidizes the 4-methyl, 4-ethyl (DDEP), and 4-isopropyl derivatives of 3,5-bis(carbethoxy)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine to mixtures of the corresponding 4-alkyl and 4-dealkyl pyridines. A fraction of the total microsomal enzyme is destroyed in the process. The 4-dealkyl to 4-alkyl pyridine metabolite ratio, the extent of cytochrome P-450 destruction, and the rate of spin-trapped radical accumulation are correlated in a linear inverse manner with the homolytic or heterolytic bond energies of the 4-alkyl groups of the 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines. No isotope effects are observed on the pyridine metabolite ratio, the destruction of cytochrome P-450, or the formation of ethyl radicals when [4-2H]DDEP is used instead of DDEP. N-Methyl- and N-ethyl-DDEP undergo N-dealkylation rather than aromatization but N-phenyl-DDEP is oxidized to a mixture of the 4-ethyl and 4-deethyl N-phenylpyridinium metabolites. In contrast to the absence of an isotope effect in the oxidation of DDEP, the 4-deethyl to 4-ethyl N-phenylpyridinium metabolite ratio increases 6-fold when N-phenyl[4-2H]DDEP is used. The results support the hypothesis that cytochrome P-450 catalyzes the oxidation of dihydropyridines to radical cations and show that the radical cations decay to nonradical products by multiple, substituent-dependent, mechanisms.
3-Isoxazolols can be made in good yields from β-ketoesters or diketene and hydroxylamine, provided that pH is kept at about 10 throughout the reaction, and that the reaction mixture is quenched with an excess of strong mineral acid. This suppresses the formation of 5-isoxazolones, which are otherwise normally the main products of the reaction.
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