There were significant effects of cultivar and processing on the physico-chemical properties investigated in the study, and with the absorption of SO2 and the formation of a brown colour in the samples.

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Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) has regained an increasing interest because of its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential. This study was designed to investigate the phenolic compounds (total phenolic, flavonoid, hydrolysable tannin, proanthocyanidin and anthocyanidin) and antioxidant capacity of Cornelian cherries. Some morphological (length, width, weight, flesh:seed ratio and colour) and physicochemical properties (dry matter, pH, soluble solid content, total acidity, sugar profile and ascorbic acid) of Cornelian cherries were also examined. Cornelian cherry samples were selected from twelve locations in the Çorum province of Turkey, where they are grown natively. Bioactive compounds were extracted by an ultrasound assisted method (37 kHz frequency and 100% amplitude) for 20 min at 20±2C. Aqueous methanol (70%) was used as extraction solvent with the solid:solvent ratio of 1:20. Glucose (3.02±0.9%) and fructose (1.57±0.4%) were found as the main sugars in cherry fruits. The CIE* colour values ranged from 25.18 to 33.00 for L*, 9.74 to 30.26 for a*, 2.46 to 14.41 for b* values. Total phenolic content, flavonoids, total anthocyanin, proanthocyanins, hydrolysable tannins, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity varied between 230.4─559.8 mg GAE/100 g, 28.3─94.7 mg CE/100 g, 69.2─200.5 mg/100 g, 124.1─316.3 mg CE/100 g, 151.6─568.9 mg TAE/100 g, 29.0─103.3 mg /100 g, 24.4─92.5 μM TE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with bioactive content of Cornelian cherry fruits (p<0.001). The native Cornelian cherry population with the high antioxidant potential may be useful for future breeding programs, organic production or as food additive.

Manothermosonication (MTS) is a treatment that combines ultrasonication with mild temperature and pressure. MTS extraction was evaluated for recapturing bioactive compounds of pomegranate peel waste. The influence of extraction time (0.5−3 min), temperature (25−50 °C), and pressure (100−500 kPa) on the yield of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) was assessed. Pea protein isolates (PPIs) and PPI-modified starch (PPI-S) were used to form nanocomplexes with the phenolic extract (PE). Lyophilized peels were extracted with an ethanol/water (30%, v/v) mixture, at a peel:solvent ratio of 1:50. MTS extraction reduced the extraction time by 40 times compared with conventional extraction (35 °C and 60 min) for achieving the same amount of 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The samples treated under 500 kPa for 3 min had the highest TPC (1007 μmol GA/g DW) and AOA (1.57 mmol TE/g DW). Nanocomplexes produced from PPI-PE and PPI-S-PE had similar encapsulation efficiency (∼73%). The mean diameters of freeze-dried PPI-PE complexes were 54.5 ± 19.7 nm, as determined by ImageJ, while that of PPI-PE in emulsion was 111.3 ± 6.4 nm measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). MTS is shown to be a green and efficient alternative to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel waste.