This study is based on a non-representative, national level survey sample whose main purpose is to interpret the general population's understanding of climate change. The study also provides an examination of correlations between climate change concerns and the taking of individual action as well as the relationship between pro-environmental thinking and climate change scepticism. Our results show a moderate correlation between the general population's concerns and the professional views on the subject, known in the literature as the New Environmental Paradigm scale and Scepticism scale, but a significantly weaker correlation when it comes to taking action against climate change. Factors relating to the respondents, such as residence settlement type, education level, gender, age, personal and social values, or casual attributions in relation to climate change heavily influence this weaker correlation. Most respondents assessed climate change as a current (urgent), but geographically remote phenomenon. This is a clear indication of problems associated with cognitive conceptualization and the localization of climate change in communication. The target audience must be taken into account when designing climate change communications because interpretations of climate change can vary widely and cover a broad range attitudes ranging from concern about to issue all the way to climate change scepticism. This also applies to views concerning responsibility for climate change with some believing it is a political responsibility and others believing it is a scientific responsibility.

KivonatTanulmányunkban országos kérdőíves mintán és interjúk segítségével vizsgáltuk az erdőgazdálkodók éghajlatváltozás-érzékelését és adaptációs tevékenységét. Eredményeink szerint leginkább a hótakarós napok számának csökkenését ér-zékelik a válaszadók, ám különbségek mutatkoztak az éghajlatváltozás érzékelésében a válaszadók földrajzi elhelyezkedése, és a kezelt erdőterületek jellege alapján. Szakirodalmi összevetésben elmondható, hogy a magyar erdésztársadalom a felkészülés szakaszában van, megvalósított adaptációról csak a válaszadók 16%-a számolt be, ugyanakkor többen jelezték, hogy ebben a jogszabályi előírások képeznek akadályt. A már alkalmazkodókról elmondható, hogy közöttük átlag-ban nagyobb fokú az aggódás, régebb óta érzékelik és jelentősebbnek tekintik a problémát, saját gazdálkodásuk eredmé-nyességét tekintve is. Megállapítottuk, hogy az állami erdőgazdaságok nem alkalmazkodnak jobban, s a magas fokú aggódásról sem mondható el, hogy blokkolná az éghajlatváltozáshoz történő alkalmazkodást, a természetvédelmi tényező pedig a kérdőíves adatok szerint ugyan nem hátráltatja az adaptációt, több interjúalany viszont erről számolt be.Kulcsszavak: éghajlatváltozás, erdészetek, érzékelés, adaptáció, Magyarország. CLIMATE CHANGE ATTITUDES AND ADAPTATION OF HUNGARIAN FOREST MANAGERS AbstractThis study utilizes a national questionnaire sample and interviews to examine attitudes to climate change as well as perceptions and adaptation activities among Hungarian forestry managers. The results show the respondents addressing climatic changes are concerned mostly by the decrease in the number of snow-covered days, but differences of opinion can be attributed to geographical location and the forest areas managed. Hungarian forest management is still in the preparation phase with only 16% of respondents reporting the implementation of climate change adaptation measures; however, many foresters claim this is often hindered by legislative constraints. Those who have implemented adaptation measures show an increased concern toward climate change on average; they have been aware of climate change for a longer time and regard it as a serious problem affecting their management activities. The study has evidence that state forest managers do not adapt better than private foresters do, high level of concern and nature conservation factors do not hinder adaptation. However, during the interviews respondents reported that nature conservation factors do, in fact, hinder adaptation processes.

Climate change attitudes, perceptions, and adaptation activities of Hungarian forestry managers have been examined in this study through a national questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire results revealed that respondents are mainly concerned by the decrease in snow-covered days, but differences in opinions can be attributed to geographical location and forest composition. Forest management aimed at climate change adaptation in Hungary is still in the initial phase: only 16% of respondents reported the application of climate change adaptation measures. Many foresters claim legislative constraints frequently hinder their efforts to implement such measures; those who have implemented adaptation measures show an increased concern toward climate change, on average. They have been aware of climate change for a longer time and consider it a serious problem affecting their management activities. The questionnaire results indicate that the adaptations of state forest managers are at about the same level as private foresters. Moreover, a high level of concern combined with nature conservation factors does not hinder adaptation. Nevertheless, interview respondents reported that nature conservation factors are hindrances to adaptation processes.

No abstract

The usage of the terms the ’Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and its predominantly used synonym ‘Industry 4.0’ has curved upwards at a higher rate than the number of underlying interconnected production units. The concept of Industry 4.0 originates from a project on the high-tech strategy of the German government in 2011. This project promoted the computerization of manufacturing and it was a logical suggestion for the long-term competitiveness of the German economy. The fundamentals of an export-oriented economy need system-level development not to be disadvantaged in the global competition. Building all this on the most modern technologies can be defined as a traditional step. The umbrella term ’Industry 4.0’ has outgrown this step and in 2016 it became an independent agenda item of the World Economic Forum. In this study, with the help of a literature review, we examine which factors of this so-called fourth industrial revolution are similar and which factors are different compared to the previous industrial revolutions. Can the characteristics of industrial revolutions be identified? Is the impact complex and does it influence not only the technology but also the society, the politics, etc.? Whether the use of the term is substantiated or is it only an advanced, fashionable buzzer hanging all today’s forward-looking innovations on the same peg?