During the mental development process, the adolescent will be exposed tonumerous events that might act as psychosocial stressors. These stressors might contribute to the prevalence of depression in adolescent. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression description of psychosocial stressor, and the relationship between psychosocial stressors and depression in adolescent. A cross sectional descriptive analytic study was conducted using 458 particiapants from three representative Senior High Schools in Malang district. The depression level was measured using Beck Depression Inventory while Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale for Youth was used to mesure the level of psychosocial stressor. It was found that prevalence of depression were as follows 32,5% of respondents with mild depression; 28,2% with moderate depression; and the remaining 11,1% withsevere depression. Of all particiapants, 59,6% experience a high level stressor, while the other 40,4% have low level stressor. The study identify a significant correlation (p<0.001)between depression level and level of psychosocial stressor. . The risk of having depression is 5.87 higher in respondents with high level of psychosocial stressor compare to those with low level psychosocial stressor (OR=5.87). Therefore, a cooperation between school, community and parent is highly advised to provide a favourable environment for mental development in adolescent. In addition parents, school need to prepare the adolescent in order to anticipate numeros events that influence their mental health.

Introduction: Niacin is part of the chemical structure of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Previous studies suggested that a high niacin intake could decrease the prevalence of cataracts, which may delay the onset of diabetic cataract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin on the hyperglycemia-induced osmotic stress and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human lens epithelial cells were cultured in a high glucose condition. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glucose reactive protein (GRP), were measured using TBARS analysis (MDA) and ELISA (PCC and GRP) after 72 h incubation. Results: The MDA levels increased after high glucose administration relative to that in the control group (p <0.05). Further, the groups that were co-treated with niacin showed decrease in the MDA levels for all doses of niacin and the lowest mean MDA level was obtained with 100 μM niacin. There was a decrease in the PCC levels for all doses, whereas the lowest mean PCC level was observed at a 100 μM niacin dose. The GRP levels increased after high glucose administration as compared with the control group. Also, the groups that were co-treated with niacin exhibited statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that niacin can inhibit the osmotic stress and oxidative stress which may lead to the progression of a diabetic cataract. Also, it may maintain lens transparency by acting as a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis and an antioxidant.

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Purpose: To compare the corneal endothelial characteristics of diabetic and nondiabetic cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification. Methods: A retrospective study, data collected from medical records of patients who visited Cataract and Refractive Surgery Outpatient Clinic and underwent phacoemulsification at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, the tertiary hospital in East Java, Indonesia, between April 2021 to January 2022. Data collected regarding corneal endothelial condition were endothelial cell density (ECD), hexagonality and Coefficient variation (CV) examined using Specular Microscope (Nidek, CEM 530). Results: There were 32 eyes from 31 patients, consist of 55% men and 45% women, 17 eyes diabetic and 15 eyes non‐diabetic. The most common age range is 40–49 years old (35.5%). Baseline ECD and hexagonality were higher in diabetic compared to non‐diabetic patients (2781.35 ± 283 vs 2625.88 ± 389 and 67.71 ± 4 vs. 65.81 ± 4, respectively), while baseline CV was lower in diabetic patients (30.4 ± 4 vs. 33.2 ± 6) (p > 0.005). There was a decrease of ECD and hexagonality, but increase of CV after surgery in both groups (p > 0.005). Conclusions: There was significant decreased of ECD and Hexagonality but increased CV in diabetic group on pre phacoemulsification compared to post phacoemulsification. There are no statistically significant difference of baseline and endothelial damage between diabetic and non‐diabetic.