Beberapa dermatosis terjadi akibat ketidakseimbangan jalur imunologi. Imunomodulator dapat berfungsi sebagai imunostimulan atau imunosupresan. Pengobatan konvensional kelainan-kelainan inflamasi kulit umumnya menggunakan kortikosteroid topikal, tetapi penggunaan klinis terbatas oleh potensi efek samping lokal dan sistemik. Imunomodulator topikal yang terkini dikembangkan dan telah mendapat lisensi dari Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yaitu salap takrolimus dan krim pimekrolimus. Calcineurin inhibitor topikal dianggap sebagai alternatif pengganti kortikosteroid yang aman dan efektif, meskipun masih digolongkan dalam kategori C. Mekanisme kerja obat topikal tersebut dengan menghambat maturasi dan aktivasi sel T melalui kompleks protein sitolitik. Efek samping yang sering terjadi adalah efek lokal berupa pruritus atau rasa panas, tanpa menimbulkan efek sistemik. Kedua obat tersebut disetujui untuk pengobatan dermatitis atopik, namun dapat juga digunakan untuk kelainan-kelainan inflamasi kulit lainnya seperti psoriasis, vitiligo, dermatitis kontak, dermatitis seboroik, liken planus, reaksi reversal dan pioderma gangrenosum. Obat topikal ini tidak menyebabkan atrofi kulit, telangiektasia, striae ataupun toksisitas sistemik.Kata Kunci: Calcineurin inhibitor topikal, takrolimus, pimekrolimus
ABSTRAKKeterlibatan intraokular paling sering terjadi pada kusta lepromatosa, dan tidak pernah pada kusta tuberkuloid. Tanda kelainan intraokular juga tidak umum didapati pada empat atau lima tahun pertama perjalanan penyakit. Kelainan mata pada kusta terjadi akibat kerusakan saraf dan invasi basil secara langsung. Komplikasi mata akibat kusta hanya terjadi pada segmen anterior dan adneksa mata. Lesi yang berpotensi menyebabkan kebutaan pada pasien kusta adalah lagoftalmus, hipoestesia kornea, iritis, skleritis dan atrofi iris. Riwayat atau sedang mengalami reaksi kusta tipe II dengan atau tanpa iritis, bercak di pipi atau infiltrasi difus di kulit wajah, pasien yang memiliki kecacatan tingkat I-II atau hanya pada mata, dan adanya penyakit penyerta, misalnya diabetes melitus atau glaukoma juga menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya kebutaan pada pasien kusta. Komplikasi mata juga sering ditemukan pada pasien kusta yang baru terdiagnosis dan yang sedang menjalani pengobatan. Deteksi dini, pengobatan yang efektif dan pengendalian reaksi yang tepat penting untuk menurunkan komplikasi mata pada pasien kusta.Kata kunci: kusta, kelainan mata, prevalensi, deteksi, pengobatan, pencegahan OCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN LEPROSY PATIENT ABSTRACTOcular involvement most commonly found in lepromatous leprosy and never in cases of tuberculoid leprosy. Signs of intraocular abnormality are not commonly found in the first four or five-years course of the disease. In 50% untreated multibacillary leprosy patients ocular lesions will appear at the end of the first decade. Ocular abnormalities in leprosy occurs due to nerve damage and direct invasion of bacilli. This complications due to leprosy occur only in the anterior segment and adnexa. Lesions that could potentially cause blindness in leprosy patients is lagophthalmus, corneal hypoaesthesia, iritis, scleritis and iris atrophy. A history or current episode of type II leprosy reaction with or without iritis, spots on the cheek or diffuse infiltration in the skin, patients who have a disability I-II level or only in the eye, and the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus or glaucoma is also risk factors of blindness in leprosy. Ocular complications are also commonly found in newly diagnosed leprosy patient and those undergoing treatment. Early detection, effective treatment and proper reaction management is important to reduce ocular complications in leprosy patients.
Background: Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are the most prevalent benign tumors in children, predominantly in girls. Most IH cases do not require treatment due to spontaneous involution, but 10% of cases do require early treatment due to size, location, and complications. Purpose: This study tried to define the profile, clinical aspects, and therapy of IH in Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh. Methods: A descriptive approach using a retrospective analysis employing secondary data from the outpatient clinic's patient registration book. This study included all new cases of infantile hemangioma at the outpatient clinic general hospital between 2013 and 2021. Result: A total of 105 patients were involved in this study. The majority of IH patients (59%) were under the age of one year, with 64 female patients (61%) making the most visits to the pediatric clinic in 2017, 2018, and 2019 (77.1%). The most prevalent clinical features of skin lesions were nodules in 69 individuals (65.7%), and the most common site was the facial region (13.3%) in 44 patients. In 20 individuals, a combination of propanolol and oral corticosteroids was used as the most effective treatment strategy (19% ). Conclusion: Infantile hemangiomas is the most frequently reported benign tumor in children. Females are more likely than males to develop IH. The majority of IH is minor and normally resolves on its own without therapy. However, certain rare kinds of IH require clinician attention and systematic treatment.
Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) adalah organisasi fungsional yang menyelenggarakan upaya kesehatan yang bersifat menyeluruh, terpadu, merata, dapat diterima, terjangkau oleh masyarakat, dengan peran serta aktif masyarakat dan menggunakan hasil pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi tepat guna, dengan biaya yang dapat dipikul oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat. Salah satu tugas dan fungsi puskesmas adalah melaksanakan enam upaya kesehatan wajib diantaranya adalah upaya pelayanan kesehatan ibu, anak, dan keluarga berencana. Penelitian dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif (explanatory research). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi serta wawancara kepada tenaga kesehatan dan pasien khususnya yang menerima pelayanan kesehatan ibu, anak, dan keluarga berencana di Puskesmas Cirimekar. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah panduan wawancara evaluasi pelayanan dari tim praktik klinik Program Studi Kebidanan Universitas Gunadarma. Hasil wawancara dan observasi dibuat dalam bentuk narasi sehingga dapat diberikan ke lahan praktik untuk meningkatkan pelayanan Puskesmas Cirimekar. Hasil pelayanan kesehatan ibu, anak, dan keluarga berencana menunjukkan prosedur pelayanan, waktu pelayanan, sarana dan prasarana yang terdapat di puskesmas sudah cukup baik.Keterbatasan sumber daya manusia yaitu petugas kesehatan yang ada di Puskesmas Cirimekar menyebabkan waktu tunggu lebih lama yang ditunjukkan adanya antrian pasien KIA dan KB sehingga pelayanan yang diberikan dirasa kurang optimal. Public health center (Puskesmas) is a functional organization who held comprehensive, integrated, and acceptable health efforts to society with active role from society and using science and technology, with cost comes from the government and society. Puskesmas duty is doing six health efforts obligatory in society, one of the obligatory is mother, child, and family planning health services. This research is using explanatory research. Data was collected through observation and interviews with health workers and patients, especially those who received maternal, child and family planning health services in Puskesmas Cirimekar. The instrument used was service evaluation interview guide from the clinical practice team of the Program Study of Universitas Gunadarma. The results of interviews and observations were made in narrative form so that they could be given to practice fields to improve Puskesmas Cirimekar services.Result from interview and observation processed using descriptive analysis. The result shows that health service for mother, child and family planning health services in Puskesmas Cirimekar is pretty good based on procedure, time and facilities. But, the limited of human resources (health workers) in Puskesmas Cirimekar sometimes make a long queue for services at mother health, child health and also family planning, and it makes the services not optimal.
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