Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has infected one-third of all human populations around the world, so it has been a global problem. Smoking is one of the risk factors that cause a high mortality rate in TB sufferers. Aim of study: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between smoking behaviur and the incidence of Pulmonary TB in the Kenjeran’s Primary Health Center 2017-2018. Method: This study is observative analytic research with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were Pulmonary TB in the medical record of the Kenjeran Health Center in 2017-2018. The sample was taken based on the purposive sampling method. 71 people were suffered from pulmonary TB obtained as samples. Results and Discussions: The results of the statistical analytic stated that there was no significant correlation between smoking and the incidence of pulmonary TB, the p-value was 0,601 found in the data analysis (p > 0,05). From 71 respondents, 56 respondents (80,3%) were BTA + patients and 15 respondents (19,7%) were BTA - patients. Based on smoking behavior, there were 56 respondents (78,9%) non-smokers. Based on most sexes, 50 respondents were male. Based on the age group, most of them were in the 17-35 years, amounting to 44 respondents (62%). Conclusions: The conclusion of this research is that there is no relationship between smoking behavior and the incidence of pulmonary TB in the Kenjeran Primary Health Center in 2017-2018.

Background: A lot of food can repair gastric mucosal damage. For example, sea grapes or the Caulerpa cylindracea with its flavonoid content. Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer effect can reduce gastric lesions due to ulcerogenic agents. Indomethacin is used to induce gastric ulcers in experimental animals. Based on this background, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of Caulerpa cylindracea extract, on the histopathological picture of gastric mucosal damage of Rattus norvegicus male rats.   Method: 32 male Rattus norvegicus rats were divided into 4 groups, (1) Group K(-), the untreated group, (2) Group K(+) induced by indomethacin 30mg/kgBB per head (3) Group P1 induced by indomethacin 30 mg/kgBB and Caulerpa cylindracea extract 1gr/100grBB per head, (4) Group P2, induced by indometacin 30mg/kgBB and 2gr/100grBB of Caulerpa cylindracea extract per head.   Result: There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) between the degree of gastric mucosal damage in group K(+) given only indomethacin and group P1 given Indomethacin and 1gr/100grBB Caulerpa cylindracea extract. There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) between group K(+) and group P2 that given Indomethacin and 2g/100grBB Caulerpa cylindracea extract. There was a significant difference (p = 0.004) between group P1 and group P2. Data revealed on group K(-) without any treatment did not obtain significant results (p = 0.060) with group P2.    Conclusion: Giving Caulerpa cylindracea extract with 1 gr/100grBB dose and 2gr/100grBB dose can repair mucosal damage in Rattus norvegicus male rats induced by indomethacin.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p> </p><p>Dexamethasone induction may result in increased of both triglyceride synthesis and VLDL plasma level, which contribute to the increase in triglyceride level. Guava (<em>Psidium guajava)</em> consists flavonoid (quercetin) compounds that can inhibit triglyceride synthesis and decrease blood triglyceride level.</p><p><strong>Methode</strong></p><p>This research used 24 rats divided into 3 groups: group of rats fed with standard food, group of rats induced by 0.13 mg/kgBW dexamethasone for 14 days starting from day 8, and group of rats induced by 0.13 mg/kgBW dexamethasone for 14 days starting from day 8 and received 3 gr/kgBW guava extract for 21 days. On day 22, blood triglyceride level was measured with glycerol blanking method.</p><p><strong>Result</strong></p><p>The result of <em>Mann-Whitney U</em> showed that blood triglyceride level of group of rats induced by dexamethasone (=198.25±55.296 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p=0.001) than group of rats fed with standard food (=68.50±16.062 mg/dl). Blood triglyceride level of group of rats induced by dexamethasone and received guava extract (=98.75±26.778 mg/dl) did not significantly decreased (p=0.487) compared to group of rats induced by dexamethasone (=198.25±55.296 mg/dl).</p><p><strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion</strong></p><p>The conclusion of this research showed that dexamethasone significantly increased blood triglyceride level and guava extract tend to decrease blood triglyceride level because guava consists flavonoid (quercetin) compounds.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Psidium guajava, triglyceride</em>, <em>dexamethasone</em><em></em></p>

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>               Diabetes melitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels caused by disruption of the pancreas in producing insulin. Alloxan is a substrate that can trigger the condition of hyperglycemia which can cause diabetes because of its toxic nature to pancreatic beta cells. Damage to pancreatic beta cells is caused by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which causes necrosis in the pancreatic beta cells. Soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) has antioxidants such as flavonoids and tannins which can inhibit ROS increase.</p><p>               The aim of this study to find out about the effect of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) extract in repaired to pancreatic tissue damage of male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by alloxan. This study used 24 male Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups : K(-) group that no treatment, K(+) group that induced by alloxan dose 150mg/kgBW and K(p) group that induced by alloxan dose 150mg/kgBW and given soursop leaf extract dose 150mg/kgBW. The result of this study showed that there was significant difference (p = 0.001) of pancreatic tissue damage measured by histopathologic score between group of no treatment rats compared to the group of rats induced by alloxan. There was a significant difference of pancreatic tissue damage measured by histopatology score group of rats induced by alloxan compared to group of rats induced by alloxan and given soursop leaf extract     So it can be concluded that the administration of alloxan significantly increases the pancreatic tissue damage and the administration of soursop leaf extract can improve pancreatic tissue damage measured by histopathology score because soursop leaf extract contains flavonoids and tannins which function as antioxidants.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords </strong>: Diabetes Melitus, Alloxan, Annona muricata Linn, Pancreatic Histopathology.</p>