Ion beam proximity lithography on spherical substrates with continuously scanned, self-complementary masksA novel MeV ion beam programmable proximity aperture lithography system has been constructed at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. This facility can be used to fabricate three dimensional microstructures in thick ͑Ͻ100 m͒ polymer resist such as polymethylmethacrylate. In this method, MeV ion beams from the 1.7 MV pelletron and K130 cyclotron accelerators are collimated to a beam spot of rectangular shape. This shape is defined by a computer-controlled aperture made of a pair of L-shaped Ta blades which are in close proximity to the sample to minimize the penumbra broadening. Here the authors report on development of the system, the controlling software, the calibration procedures, investigations of multiple scattering effects, and present illustrative results using 3 MeV 4 He 2+ ion beams for lithography and 56 MeV 14 N 3+ ion beams for creating patterns of regions with ion tracks.

the present study evaluates the role of graphene oxide's (Go's) peroxidase-like and inherent/ carbocatalytic properties in oxidising silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) to create graphene nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles (GO/Ag nanocomposite). Activation of peroxidase-like catalytic function of Go required hydrogen peroxide (H 2 o 2 ) and ammonia (nH 3 ) in pH 4.0 disodium hydrogen phosphate (na 2 Hpo 4 ). Carbocatalytic abilities of GO were triggered in pH 4.0 deionised distilled water (ddH 2 O). Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy aided in qualitatively and quantitatively assessing GO/Ag nanocomposites. teM and SeM analysis demonstrated the successful use of Go's peroxidase-like and carbocatalytic properties to produce GO/Ag nanocomposite. UV-Vis analysis indicated a higher yield in optical density values for GO/Ag nanocomposites created using GO's carbocatalytic ability rather than its peroxidaselike counterpart. Additionally, CV demonstrated that GO/Ag nanocomposite fabricated here is a product of an irreversible electrochemical reaction. Our study outcomes show new opportunities for GO as a standalone catalyst in biosensing. We demonstrate a sustainable approach to obtain graphene nanocomposites exclusive of harmful chemicals or physical methods.Remarkable optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of graphene have captivated the imaginations of scientists worldwide 1-4 . Graphene is an ideal composite counterpart to create flexible electronics 5,6 , design batteries with enhanced storage capability 7 , prevent steel corrosion 8 , and shield aircraft from heat 9 . Real-world graphene applications have originated across several industries like the Inov-8 running trainers that employ thermal and mechanical qualities of graphene to improve their durability 10 . The famous sports equipment manufacturer, HEAD applied graphene to create stronger tennis rackets with lighter weight distribution 10 . The BAC-Mono formula racing car also uses graphene to boost strength and reduce the mass of its body parts by 20% 11 . Miniaturization of biochemical assays using graphene-based sensors for research and clinical purposes is now a reality with AGILER100 12

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