Background: Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy may or may not be associated with subchorionic hemorrhage (SCH). The volume of SCH may affect foetal growth or development. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of first trimester pregnancy SCH on pregnancy outcome. Methods: 151 women each in two groups (with and without SCH), all with first trimester bleeding were enrolled, monitored throughout pregnancy and outcome noted. Results: 72.8% women with SCH and 78.1% women without SCH gave birth to a live neonate. The relative risk of pregnancy wastage (spontaneous abortion, antepartum or intrapartum stillbirth) for the women with SCH was 1.22 (95% CI 0.81-1.82; p value =0.33) as compared to those with no SCH. 97% of women with SCH>10 ml had pregnancy wastage (mostly aborted before 20 weeks), 40% of women with SCH>5-10 ml had pregnancy wastage (p<0.001). Conclusions: The mere presence of SCH did not increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, a large volume of SCH significantly increased the risk of pregnancy wastage in comparison to a smaller SCH.

Obesity is linked to various gynaecological conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and leads to metabolic syndrome. Early diagnosis of visceral obesity would help control the occurrence and progression of these diseases The aim of the study was to compare waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio with body mass index (BMI) as indicators of abdominal obesity. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 women with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) fulfilling Rotterdam criteria over a period of one year. Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. BMI and waist to hip ratio were calculated. These were compared with each other. Overall, average waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were found to be 68. 69 cm and 0. 82 respectively and mean BMI was 23. 07 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity by BMI was 69%, abdominal obesity for WC was 59. 1% while for WHR 61. 36 %. Waist circumference was found to have high positive correlation with BMI (r=0. 75) compared to waist to hip ratio (r=0. 40). Thus, waist circumference and waist hip ratio are easy methods of measuring fat distribution and can be used for the monitoring the development of metabolic syndrome in PCOS.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) represents one of the major causes of infertility in women. Various criteria are set to diagnose PCOS, some over diagnose and some underdiagnose it. The objective of the study was to compare the various criteria used for the diagnosis of PCOS: NIH 1990 criteria, Rotterdam 2003 criteria and AE-PCOS Society 2006 criteria.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of one year. Patients with suspicion of PCOS were selected. After complete history and examination, blood samples were collected and androgen levels were measured. They were labeled as PCOS based on their fulfillment of the criteria as per Rotterdam, NIH and AE-PCOS Society.Data was analysed and conclusions drawn.Results: Of the participants, 25.7%, 28.5%, and 62.8% were diagnosed with PCOS using NIH, AE-PCOS Society, and Rotterdam criteria, respectively. Phenotypes that included hyperandrogenism and/or hyperandrogenemia as part of their criteria showed increase in values of DHEAS and S. testoterone as compared to the normoandrogenic phenotype included in only the Rotterdam criteria.Conclusions: It is crucial to establish the diagnostic criteria for PCOS and initiate early treatment as this may play a role in the prevention of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Women with PCOS remain at a high risk of developing cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, risk being more in obese women. Monitoring of these may be done using the central fat indices, which are inexpensive and simple. The objective of the study was to evaluate the various central fat accumulation indices amongst the different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Method: 100 women aged 18-40 year fulfilling Rotterdam criteria for diagnosis of PCOS were selected. Height, weight, waist circumference and lipid profile were measured and BMI, Lipid accumulation product and Visceral adiposity index were calculated. Body Fat Percentage was measured by the Body Fat Analyser using the bioelectrical impedance method. Data was analysed and conclusions drawn. Results: Women with hyperandrogenic PCOS [phenotypes A (HA+OD+PCO), B(HA+OD), C(HA+PCO)] (33. 3% of total) presented with raised central fat accumulation indices including BMI (mean:25. 04), BFA (mean: 29. 85), VAI (mean:182. 06) and LAP (mean:1802. 63), compared with women with non-hyperandrogenic PCOS [phenotype D (OD+PCO)] (67% of total); BMI (mean:20. 85), BFA (mean:22. 94), VAI (mean:128. 4) and LAP (mean:624. 19). Amongst women with hyperandrogenic PCOS, the central fat accumulation indices were maximally raised in phenotype A. Conclusion: Though all women with PCOS should be targeted for prevention, screening, and management of cardiometabolic features, women with hyperandrogenic PCOS should be monitored more closely since they tend to have raised central fat accumulation indices compared with non-hyperandrogenic PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disorder has been associated with low-grade inflammation based on increased levels of several inflammatory mediators. Aim of the study was to assess the inflammatory markers in women with PCOS and their correlation with each other. Various inflammatory markers, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, hsC-reactive protein and CRP albumin ratio were found to be increased in women with PCOS in the study. Early detection of raised levels of inflammatory markers may help early diagnosis of PCOS and prevent development of metabolic syndrome.