More than half of adult Americans are overweight or obese, and public health recommendations call for weight loss in those who are overweight with associated medical conditions or who are obese. However, some controversy exists in the lay press and in the medical literature about the health risks of obesity. We review briefly the large body of evidence indicating that higher levels of body weight and body fat are associated with an increased risk for the development of numerous adverse health consequences. Efforts to prevent further weight gain in adults at risk for overweight and obesity are essential. For those whose present or future health is at risk because of their obesity and who are motivated to make lifestyle changes, a recommendation for weight loss is appropriate.

Smoking remains a key topic of research and debate within the field of health research in the social sciences. This article seeks to add the dimension of the smokers' and ex-smokers' perspectives to the debate in order to ground the importance of smoking in people's everyday lives. Data are drawn from 54 semi-structured interviews with smokers and ex-smokers involved in a study of their experiences and understandings of the place of smoking in their daily and long-term biographies. The rich accounts given by the respondents are interpreted through Van Gennep's (1960) notions of rituals and rites of passage. By examining the contexts within which the practice of smoking and the rite of giving up occur, a sense of the effort required to break`the habit' is given, which adds much to more physiologically-based explanations of the difficulties of smoking cessation.

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We reviewed articles evaluating the relations among dieting, weight loss treatment, weight cycling, eating disorders, and psychological functioning in overweight and obese adults. Moderate caloric (energy) restriction, in combination with behavioral weight loss treatment, does not seem to cause clinically significant binge eating in overweight adults without preexisting binge eating problems and might ameliorate binge eating, at least in the short term, in those reporting recurrent binge eating before treatment. Most studies of behavioral weight loss interventions report improvements in psychological status during weight loss. However, these improvements might return to baseline with weight regain. Weight cycling does not seem to be associated with clinically significant psychopathologic conditions, although results of cross-sectional studies show an association between weight cycling and binge eating, as well as poorer perceived health status. "Nondieting" approaches seem to lead to improvements in mood and self-esteem; however, weight loss is generally minimal. Concerns that dieting induces eating disorders or other psychological dysfunction in overweight and obese adults are generally not supported by empirical studies. Such concerns should not preclude attempts to reduce caloric intake and increase physical activity to achieve modest weight loss or prevent additional weight gain.

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