Edible films are usually used to coat food products, so it can maintain the food quality. Gelatin is one of hydrocolloids that is used for edible film production. There are many sources of gelatin, one of them is catfish bone gelatin. In this research, catfish bones were extracted by several methods and then incorporated with red dragon fruit peel extract for edible film production. Red dragon fruit peels were extracted by maceration using distillate water. The red dragon peel extract was divided into two, one of them directly used for edible film production. The other one was evaporated until it became paste before used for edible film production. The catfish bone gelatin, red dragon fruit peel extract and edible film were analyzed for characterization. The result showed that simultaneous maceration with NaOH 0.1 N for 4 h and 4% citric acid for 48 h was the best method for gelatin extraction from catfish bone. Red dragon peel extract in liquid form was better than paste form when is used to modify edible film from catfish bone gelatin. The physical characteristic of edible film showed that the thickness was at 1.8 -2.8 x 10 -2 mm, the water vapor transmission rate was at 14.34-10.68 g.m -2 . day -1 , the solubility was at 68.7-79.8%, the elongation at break was around 8.46-12.54% and the tensile strength was at 0.1-0.58 Nm -2 .

Plastic as food packaging can cause environmental and health problem. One solution for this problems is by substitute conventional plastic into biodegradable plastic such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). To improve the physical and chemical properties of PLA, synthetic antioxidant such as Butyl Hydroxyl Toluene (BHT) and Tert Butyl Hydroxyl Quinon (TBHQ) were added into PLA. The analysis was carried out on the PLA-BHT and PLA-TBHQ packaging and also food simulants before and after storage at different temperature for 10 days. The analysis included visual appearance, antioxidant activity, total phenol and overall migration. Both PLA-BHT and PLA-TBHQ packaging that were incubated at temperature 40°C had larger migration than at 29°C. The antioxidant activity and total phenol of PLA-TBHQ was higher than PLA-BHT and both of them had decreased antioxidant activity and total phenol during storage but the decreased rate at temperature 40°C was higher than at temperature 29°C.

Taro roots waste (Colocasia esculenta) was considered a starch material for the preparation of bioethanol. Conversion of starch into ethanol was conducted by enzymatic hydrolysis followed by fermentation. The hydrolysis process uses the catalyst of HCl 15% (1:10) at 100 oC for 2.5 hours and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The chemical composition was analyzed by using chromatography gas-mass spectrophotometry (GCMS). The active component of bioethanol was found as ethanol (41.14%) and glycerol (29.08 %). The other chemical compound were 2,3- dimethyloxirane, pentanal, propionic acid, and heptane-2-one. The fermentation using tape yeast resulted in the main component of glycerol (31.39%), cyclobutanol (15.26%), pentane (12.93%), and methyl 2-oxopropanoate (10.50 %). The taro roots waste were the potential to convert biomass into bioethanol, which is one of the environmentally friendly alternative fuels

Au nano particles have been successfully synthesized using extract of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves at various pH, irradiation power and irradiation time. The synthesis was conducted using microwave oven for some minutes, at certain adjusted experimental condition. pH of solution was varied from 2 – 10, irradiation power was adjusted in the range of 30% - 100% of total power of 800W, and iiradiation time was studied in the range of 30 – 120 second. The experimental results showed at low pH, the nonspherical particle was more commonly formed. The stabilization of particles took place more effectively at the higher pH. At low pH, the nano particles were below 50 nm in size and were in form of triangle, rod, rhombic, cubic, or truncated form of these shapes. UV-Vis spectra also indicated that both microwave irradiation power and time significantly affect the morphology of particles. These research provide clear explanation about the effect of the pH and irradiation time over the AuNP synthesis by using greener method, which can be further studied in optimizing experimental parameters for conducting industrial scale synthesis.

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