Adequate studies have been done using proton pump inhibitors and H 2-receptor antagonist and only few studies for cyto-protective and gastric acid secretions have been done in Nigeria. Therefore this work studied the cyto-protective and gastric acid secretory effects of rabeprazole, ranitidine, omeprazole and cimetidine in wistar rats. 28 male wistar rats of weights 300 to 400 g were recruited and randomly divided into seven experimental groups of 4 rats each. Ulcers were induced via oral administration of a mixture acid alcohol (Ethanol and HCl). Group A: Ulcer alone; Group B: 20 mg/kg Rabeprazole + Ulcer; Group C: 20 mg/kg Rabeprazole + 20 mg/kg Ranitidine + Ulcer. Group D: Normal control group received clean drinking water ad libitium. Group E: 20 mg/kg Omeprazole + Ulcer. Group F: 20 mg/kg ranitidine + ulcer. Group G: 100 mg/kg cimetidine + ulcer. At the end of the treatment and induction, volume of gastric acid secreted, pH values, Ulcer index, stomach and body weights were analyzed statistically. There were significant decrease (P<0.05) in the volume of gastric acid secreted for the groups that received the ranitidine and rabeprazole compared to group A (ulcer alone). The pH values of the groups that received the proton pump inhibitors were neutralized at the end of the experiment which shows a better cyto-protective effects of the drugs and there were significant differences (P<0.05) among those groups E, F and G compared to group A. The animals with lesser stomach weights have more ulcers index compared to those with higher stomach weights. This research showed that groups treated with a combination of rabeprazole and ranitidine has a better potency for the management of gastric ulcer patients.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing globally and it is a major source of concern. This study was undertaken to assess the antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic leaf extract of Dryopteris dilatata (ELEDD).Thirty adult Wistar rats with body weight (BW) of 120-150 g were randomly assigned to groups of five rats each (n=5). Groups 1 served as normal control; Groups 2-6 were diabetic groups; group 2 served as negative control; group 3 received 50 mg/kg of metformin; 4-6 received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of ELEDD respectively. The BW and fasting blood glucose level (FBSL) of the rats were monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, all the rats were anaesthetized with 25% urethane (sigma-Aldrich) intraperitoneally (I.P) and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. There was an increase in the BW of the metformin treated group and varying doses of ELEDD. It caused 77.00±15.07% decrease in FBSL; 86.94±34.80% and 248.07±20.56% with respect to 400 and 800 mg/kg of ELEDD. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum total cholesterol (STC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) as well as decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C). Lipid profile groups treated with ELEDD significantly (p<0.05) decreased in a dose dependent manner .This study has shown that DD has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.

This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Adansonia digitata leaf (ALEAD) on blood glucose level. 36 of the rats were randomly distributed into 9. Group one served as the normal control and Group 2 rats were administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were orally administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Group 6 were orally administered with metformin (150 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Groups 7, 8, and 9 were orally administered with aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. The serum concentration of glucose of all the rats in each group was determined after the 8 th and 15 th dose of treatment. Groups 3, 4 and 5 showed a decrease after the first week of treatment but this decrease was not significant (P>0.05). The group treated with metformin (150 mg/kg) also showed a decrease which was also not significant (P>0.05). The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis of aqueous leave extract of A. digitata indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoid and steroids. These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata possess antidiabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats.

The potency of the peels of Citrus sinensis against cadmium induced liver damage has not been explored in our environment. 48 wistar rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly divided into eight (8) groups of five (5) rats each. Group A was the positive control and received 5 mg/kg body weight (bw) of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ) intraperitoneally as a single dose. Groups B and C received the aqueous extract of zest of citrus sinensis (AEZCS) at a low doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg bw respectively. Groups D and E received cadmium chloride, followed by low and high doses of AEZCS respectively. Groups F and G received low and high doses of AEZCS followed by CdCl2 while group H served as the normal control. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) and serum total proteins were analyzed. The results showed significant (P<0.05) differences in the mean values of LV/BW, ALT, AST, total proteins, serum dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) when the positive control group was compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). Histological sections of the negative control groups were significantly different from the positive control group but not from the groups treated with AEZCS at the high doses. Thus, AEZCS had ameliorative and protective health benefits at the high dose of 40mg/kg body weight.

Hypertension and Hypertensive Heart Failure (HHF) constitutes a growing burden of non-communicable forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Africa. This work was designed to investigate Electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters in HHF subjects. A cross-sectional study involving 100 subjects of equal number of HHF and normal subjects were used. Questionnaires were administered; sociodemographic and medical profiles of the subjects were obtained. ECG of each of the participants was conducted and results read for P duration, PR interval, QRS duration, QTc and Sokolow-Lyon index. Among the subjects with HHF, 56% were elderly and 44% were middle-aged. 60% were farmers; 42% had no formal education. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 125.40±20.37 mmHg and 117.62±9 in HHF and normal subjects respectively while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 80.88±19.04 mmHg in HHF subjects and 71.84±6.48 mmHg in normal subjects. Heart rate on ECG was 87.66±18.31 and 70.08±8.472 bpm in HHF and normal subjects respectively. QRS duration was 0.13±0.12 and 0.07±0.017 s in the HHF and normal subjects respectively. The corrected QTc was 0.47±0.04 and 0.38±0.024 s in HHF and normal subjects respectively. The Sokolow-Lyon index was 3.81±1.73 and 2.09±0.56 s in HHF and normal subjects respectively. The mean QRS duration was 0.14±0.018 in male and 0.12±0.022 s in female HHF subjects. Sokolow-Lyon index was 3.90±1.68 and 3.56±1.80 s in the male and female HHF subjects respectively. The mean QTc was 0.44±0.036 in male and 0.49±0.036 s in female HHF subjects respectively. ECG heart rate was 92.09±21.204 bpm in the middle-aged and 84.17±15.178 bpm in the elderly HHF subjects. The corrected QT interval was 0.44±0.041 s in the middle-aged group and 0.50±0.031 s in the elderly. The study shows that most of the values of electrocardiogram parameters were higher in the HHF subjects than in the normal population. Also, there were gender and agespecific differences in electrocardiogram parameters obtained in HHF subjects.