A method is proposed for processing nickel sulfide concentrates based on low-temperature roasting with sodium chloride. In the course of research, the dependence of valuable component extraction on excess sodium chloride and roasting temperature and duration is determined, and also cinder water and sulphuric acid leaching regimes are optimized. Optimum results are achieved with the following roasting regimes: temperature 400°C, duration 1.5 h, and excess NaCl 50-200% of concentrate weight. A production scheme is proven on a laboratory scale with subsequent two-stage water and sulphuric acid leaching with calculation of the material balance for nickel, copper, cobalt, and iron. Complete extraction into solution is, %: Ni 95, Cu 99, Co 96.A promising version of sulfide nickel concentrate processing may be low-temperature roasting (up to 400-450°C) with sodium chloride followed by two-stage cinder leaching. The main advantages of this sulfide concentrate processing version are: a reduction in energy consumption due to roasting at comparatively low temperature; formation of extracted metal water soluble compounds, which simplifies cinder leaching, and reduced sulfuric acid consumption. For example, during roasting molybdenum concentrate with sodium chloride molybdenum in the cinder is partly represented by water soluble sodium molybdate [1,2], and during roasting copper and complex sulfide concentrates metal sulfides are entirely transformed into chlorides [3][4][5].Previously [6], the possibility has been demonstrated of leaching nickel from cinder of roasting nickel sulfide concentrate with sodium chloride up to 85% by water and up to 96% by sulfuric acid. The aim of this work is to optimize roasting and leaching regimes in order that the maximum amount of nickel and copper are extracted in the water leaching stage, leaving iron in the sinter.Chemical processes accompanying roasting are quite complicated. In general form, sulfide reaction with sodium chloride in the presence of oxygen occurs by the reaction MeS + 2NaCl + 2O 2 = MeCl 2

Obesity and type II diabetes are 21st century pandemia. These metаbolic disorders are in the focus of attention of various specialties: cardiologists, endocrinologists, nutritionists, therapists, and others. The high incidence of obesity and type II diabetes cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic heart failure, dementia, determine the call of risk factors search. Modifiable factors may include sleep disturbances. Recent studies have revealed a connection between changes in sleep duration and metabolic disorders. However, to date, the mechanisms underlying this association have not been established. The aim of the review is to summarize existing epidemiological and experimental observations, as well as an analysis of possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking sleep duration with obesity and type II diabetes. The article considers current data suggesting a bi-directional association of sleep disorders with obesity and diabetes. Sleep disturbances are significant determinant of developing metabolic disorders. Sleep duration correction as one of therapeutic targets for cardiovascular complications of obesity and type II diabetes prevention.

Aim. To evaluate the short-and long-term outcomes after surgical repair of iatrogenic lesions of extrahepatic bile ducts depending on the timing of diagnosis in conditions of specialized clinic. Materials and methods. Our study involved a retrospective analysis of 159 patients who were treated for iatrogenic lesions of extrahepatic bile ducts during 1987-2017. These patients were divided into two groups depending on the timing of surgical treatments: early biliary reconstruction ( 5 days after bile duct transection) and late biliary reconstruction ( 5 days post-transection). These groups were compared on the basis of postoperative morbidity and long-term outcomes. Results. Following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 2 patients received endoscopic retrograde stents due to bile leakage from the cystic ducts, and 14 patients underwent hepaticocholedochostomy using Ker drainage. The incidence of bile leakage was observed in 14. 3 % of cases during the early post-operative period, strictures appeared in 28.6 % of cases. Hepaticojejunostomy was performed in 91 cases: in 62 with stents and in 29 without stents. Bile leakage was observed in 17.6 % of cases, and strictures in 19.8 % of cases. Our statistical analyses revealed no significant differences between the two groups (i.e., early and late timing of surgical treatment) in the rates of bile leakage and strictures. The extent of surgeons experience in bile surgery significantly correlated with positive outcomes. Conclusions. Endoscopic retrograde stent proved to be an effective and fast solution in cases of bile leakage from cystic ducts following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Although it is preferable to perform reconstructive surgeries within the first five days after bile duct injury, our results indicated that in the presence of external bile fistula without peritonitis and severe cholangitis, reconstructive surgery can be performed in specialized surgical departments later than 5 days with satisfactory results.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is epidemiologically related to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The pathophysiology clues are metabolic changes and obesity. The most studied anthropometric predictors of obesity, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), are influenced by various factors such as sex, type of constitution, hydration balance. The normal range of BMI and WC limits the diagnostic search for metabolic disturbances and visceral obesity in patients with respiratory sleep distress and can lead to increased cardiovascular risks. AIMS: to investigate the visceral obesity predictors in normal weight patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We had performed а cross-sectional study, 68 patients were examined with mean age of 38.24 7.4 years. The main group (38 individuals) was represented by patients with OSAS. The control group consisted of healthy individuals without OSAS. Alternative markers of visceral obesity, such as lipid accumulation products, visceral obesity index, conicity index have been studied. RESULTS: In the main group we found different disorders of lipid metabolism such as the increase in triglyceride levels by 94%, low-density lipids by 32%, total cholesterol by 10% compared with the control group. Anthropometric evidence was obtained for excessive fat accumulation in patients with normal body weight and OSAS: WC was 89.6 5.7 cm in the main group and was higher than in the control group 83.7 6.3 cm (p = 0.024) due to an increase in the visceral fat compartment, as evidenced by the conicity index (67.2 7.0 and 59.3 6.2 respectively, p = 0.032) and waist to height ratio (0.58 0.05 and 0.53 0.04 in the main and control groups, respectively, p = 0.041). Correlation relationships between the severity of sleep apnea syndrome and visceral obesity indicators were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Normal weight patients with breathing disorders are at risk of visceral fat obesity and, thereby, increased cardiovascular risk. Assessment of additional markers of visceral obesity in patients with normal body weight and sleep apnea is recommended to include in the dynamic observation programms.

Аннотация. Цель: оценить эффективность современных инструментальных методов обследования больных в диагностике ятрогенных повреждений внепеченочных желчных путей в раннем послеоперационном периоде. Проведен анализ 141-ой истории болезни пациентов с повреждениями внепеченочных желчных протоков и их последствиями, которые были оперированы в Пермской краевой клинической больницы за последние 28 лет. Проспективно изучено 32 (22,6%) случая повреждения, ретроспективно-109 (77,4%). Повреждения внепеченочных желчных протоков диагностированы во время операции только у 56-ти пациентов (39,8%), у 31 (21,9%)-с 1-х по 6-е сутки раннего послеоперационного периода, у 16 (11,3%)-с 7-х по 30-е сутки, а у 38 (26,9%) диагноз был установлен в более поздние сроки. Оценивали эффективность УЗИ, спиральной компьютерной томографии (СКТ) с болюсным усилением и МРТ-холангиографии (МРТ-ХГ) в диагностике ятрогенных повреждений внепеченочных желчных путей в раннем послеоперационном периоде, сравнивая их результаты с интраоперационными находками. Установлено, что чувствительность УЗИ органов брюшной полости в диагностике повреждений ВЖП в раннем послеоперационном периоде составила 85,4%, при этом учитывали их косвенные признаки. Чувствительность СКТ органов брюшной полости и МРТ-холангиографии для диагностики ятрогенных повреждений ВЖП составила 100%, уровень повреждения при СКТ был определен в 22,2% при развитии желчной гипертензии, при МРТ-ХГ-у всех. Ключевые слова: ятрогенные повреждения, внепеченочные желчные протоки, диагностика, МРТ-холангиография.