Lors de la conférence qu’il donne à l’université de Stanford en 1944, Friedrich Hayek confesse vouloir lever « une armée de combattants pour la liberté ». Cette armée, il parvient à la mobiliser, quelque trois années plus tard, lors d’une conférence de dix jours dans les Alpes suisses, marquant la fondation de la Société du Mont-Pèlerin. A travers une exploration méthodique des usages adoptés par les participants et des prises de position exprimées lors des débats, cet article se propose de passer les troupes en revue, sous un angle à la fois historique, psychologique et social : un groupe transnational de penseurs néolibéraux, souvent issus de l’aristocratie ou de la bourgeoisie, et principalement orientés à droite de l’échiquier politique. Cette analyse ne saurait toutefois conclure à un portrait parfaitement uniforme des débats. La présence de participants aux origines sociales plus modestes, généralement américains, a su apporter une réelle diversité dans les échanges et contribuer à casser le discours ambiant. Les discussions menées sur la redistribution et la pauvreté en sont l’exemple le plus saillant : sous le feu de tirs nourris, Milton Friedman y présente notamment sa célèbre proposition d’impôt négatif sur le revenu.
This article argues that the introduction of 'metahistorical perspectives' can greatly enrich the practice of public history. Through the example of a series of public events about important historical events held at the National Library of Norway, it is argued that an attention to microhistory, pedagogical theory and especially William Sewell Jr.'s theory of events can be beneficial when programming events for the general public. This focus on 'metahistorical perspectives' in the practice of public history stands in contrast to widely held notions of public history as entailing simplifications and 'dumbing down' of academic knowledge.
It has been established that the neoliberal creed arising in the interwar- and early postwar years, despite its strong rejection of economic planning, also entailed a rejection of laissez-faire liberalism. This article argues that recent attempts at construing early neoliberalism as thus being a more nuanced or moderate creed than later iterations, are nonetheless flawed. The Dual Argument of early neoliberalism indicated a new approach to market liberalism in which the state was not seen as the market’s opposite, but rather its precondition. This important move is obscured by the language of moderation and nuance. In place of “the radicalization thesis”, the second part of the article considers Philip Mirowski’s concept of a “double truth-doctrine” and argues that the importance of the state for social and economic governance is a common feature of different neoliberalisms, which nonetheless differ in their preferred policy-suggestions for the use of state power.
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