The aim: To investigate the effects of bioflavonoids (curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin) on nitro-oxidative stress and the functions of submandibular SGs in rats under alcohol exposure during SIR. Materials and methods: The studies were conducted on 35 rats of the Wistar line weighing 205-220 g, divided into 5 groups of seven animals in each: the 1st group, control group I, included animals receiving isotonic sodium chloride solution intragastrically twice a day; the 2nd group, control group II, included rats exposed to alcohol (in a dose of 24 mg/kg intragastrically through gavage a twice a day) for last 2 weeks during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SIR; the rats of the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups exposed to alcohol during LPS-induced SIR, which also received bioflavonoids. The bioflavonoids (“Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.”, USA) were as following: curcumin (in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (in a daily dose of 40 mg/kg), and quercetin (in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg), respectively. SIR was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Salmonella typhi LPS (during the first week a dose of 0.4 μg/kg of body weight was administered 3 times a week; during the next 7 weeks of the experiment rats received 0.4 μg/kg of body weight once a week. The formation of superoxide anion radical (О2 -), activity of NO-synthase – total (NOS), its constitutive and inducible isoforms (cNOS, iNOS), and concentration of peroxynitrites and S-nitrosothiols were evaluated spectrophotometrically. To assess the functional status of submandibular SGs in their homogenate we determined α-amylase activity (spectrophotometrically) and the aquaporin-5 concentration (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). through gav-age with orogastric cannul. Results: When applying bioflavonoids under the conditions of alcohol administration during SIR, NADH-induced .О2 - production decreased and yielded to the result in the control group II by 36.8% under administering curcumin, by 34.5% under administering epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and by 41.3% under administering quercetin. The total NOS activity in SGs tissues was inferior by 42.8% to the relevant data in the control group II (under curcumin administration), by 33.7% (under epigallocatechin-3-gallate administration) and by 46.6% (under quercetin administration); and the iNOS activity decreased by 47.0, 38.3 and 52.0%, respectively. Under the administration of bioflavonoids peroxynitrites concentration in the submandibular SGs tissues was inferior to the control group II by 35.6% (under curcumin administration), by 37.4% (under epigallocatechin-3-gallate administration), and by 39.3% (under quercetin administration); the content of S-nitrosothiols was lower by 34.5, 31.1 and 35.3%, respectively. The administration of bioflavonoids led to the changes in α-amylase activity in the submandibular SGs tissues: its values exceeded the relevant data in the control group II by 40.4% (under curcumin administration), by 38.2% (under epigallocatechin-3-gallate administration), and by 34.1% (under quercetin administration); under those conditions aquaporin-5 concentration grew in 2.66, 2.61 and 2.55 times, respectively. Conclusions: The use of bioflavonoids (curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin) under the combined administration of 40% ethanol solution and LPS considerably limits the development of nitro-oxidative stress in the tissues of the submandibular SGs. The administration of the bioflavonoids increases the level of cNOS coupling, and improves the functional status of the submandibular SGs under the combined administration of alcohol and LPS enhancing the activity of α-amylase and concentration of aquaporin-5.

The aim: To investigate the effect of water-soluble form of quercetin on the indices reflecting the progression of oxidative-nitrosative stress in the cerebral tissues and the periodontium of rats after experimental TBI. Materials and methods: The studies were conducted on 30 white rats of the Wistar line weighing 180-220 g, divided into 3 groups: the 1st group included pseudo-injured animals (subjected to ether anaesthesia, fixation without TBI modeling), the 2nd group included the animals exposed to modeled moderate TBI, the 3rd group involved the rats, which were given injections with water-soluble form of quercetin (corvitin, “Borshchahivskiy CPP”, Ukraine) intraperitoneally in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg recalculated for quercetin for 7 days following the TBI modeling. The formation of superoxide radical anion (.О2 -), activity of NO-synthase – total (NOS), its constitutive and inducible isoforms (cNOS, iNOS) – and concentration of peroxynitrite were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the tissues was evaluated by the formationof a stained trimethine complex during the reaction of tiobarbituric acid (TBA). The activity of the antioxidant system was assessed by increasing in the concentration of TBA active products during 1.5 hour incubation in iron-ascorbate buffer solution, as well as by the activity of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Results: The use of quercetin under the experimental conditions significantly reduced the О2 - generation by NADPH- and NADH-dependent electron transport chains by 30.2 and 35.0% (in the cerebral hemispheres) and by 23.5 and 32.5% (in the soft periodontal tissues), respectively, compared to the findings in the 2nd group. The production of this radical by leukocyte NADPH oxidase in these organs was inferior to the value of the 2nd group by 39.3 and 29.9%. We revealed that the use of quercetin in the experimental conditions probably reduced the activity of NOS, including iNOS, by 38.2 and 45.3% (in the cerebral hemispheres) and by 53.5 and 66.9% (in the soft periodontal tissues), respectively, compared with the findings in the 2nd group. Under these conditions, the cNOS activity went up by 50.0% and doubled, the peroxynitrite content was lower by 19.5 and 32.1% than that in the 2nd group. The administration of quercetin in the experimental conditions significantly reduced the concentration of TBA-active products in the homogenate of cerebral hemispheres and soft periodontal tissues. The development of decompensated LPO is also confirmed by a decrease in the activity of SOD and catalase. Conclusions: on the 7th day after modeling moderate TBI in rats the signs of oxidative-nitrosative stress are found not only in locus morbi (in the tissue of the cerebral hemisphere), but also in distant organs (periodontal tissues). Applying of water-soluble form of quercetin significantly reduces signs of oxidative-nitrosative stress in the tissue of the cerebral hemisphere of rats, as well as in periodontal tissues on the 7th day after moderate TBI modeling.

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The problem of providing the needs of the population of Ukraine with quality drinking water in the XXI century from the actual becomes a sharp one. The question is not only the reduction of quantitative volumes unleavened water, which is threatened by a crisis of drinking water supply to certain regions of the country, and also that it is the first place to act quality of natural waters, which does not satisfy modern hygienic requirements. This is due to the increased pollution of natural water basins by industrial waste, agricultural production and municipal water consumption. In the medical and ecological-hygienic aspect, the issues of obligate contamination of water sources with global toxicants of organic and inorganic nature, disinfection of drinking and economic waters, sewage treatment, water preparation, etc. are the foremost issues. In this work, data from the State Environmental Protection Department in the Poltava region (2010 - 2017), Statistical materials of the sanitary-epidemiological situation in the water supply of the region were used. According to the Poltava regional water resources department, the river network of the Poltava region includes: one large river - the Dnieper, which flows within the region on a 145 km long section, 8 medium rivers with a total length of 1360 km (Psel, Khorol, Vorskla, Sula, Uday, Orzhitsa, Oril, Merla) and 1771 small rivers, watercourses and streams with a total length of 11501 km. The main aquifer horizons suitable for drinking use in the region are: Quaternary (alluvial) Poltava, Kharkiv, Buchak, Sineman-Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic. In total in the Poltava region there are more than 200 thousand shaft wells, which are used by about 605 thousand people (36% of the population). In 56% of wells, a significant excess of nitrate content was detected. Nitrates fall into the horizons of groundwater with human and animal waste (from non-concreted cesspools), and excessive nitrogen fertilization. In general, provision of the Poltava region with unleavened water for drinking and recreational purposes can be considered sufficient. But in relation to qualitative indicators there are problematic periods - the hot season is unfavorable for water supply of settlements on the water intake from the Dniprodzerzhynsk reservoir basin. For the population using the underground water-mountain umbrellas (upper water, Poltava and partially Kharkiv), these problem periods are spring and autumn, when there is more intense pollution of these horizons by the flow of meltwater and rainwater.