Freedom of speech in the media has been a means of expressing opinion and a flagship of democratic changes in society. Freedom of speech suppression has always had negative consequences for autoritarian regimes. The media have always been severely oppressed by the authorities, the Ukrainian press being one of the drivers of Ukraine’s independence. Therefore, the study of the freedom of speech and press evolution in Ukraine is a topical issue. The aim of this article is to research the freedom of speech and press evolution under the conditions of the Austrian constitutional monarchy (from 1848 to the beginning of the First World War). In addition, related censorship restrictions are considered, particularly the characteristics of censorship and noncensorship restrictions on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) press of Galicia. The article can be of interest to historians, philologists, journalists, and all those interested in the field of freedom of speech and its historical context.

The research examines the features of the structural-semantic approach toward peculiarities of the phraseology of media discourse when studying English. This is an actual problem related to changes in the genre and stylistic palette of modern periodicals. Therefore, it becomes of particular significance to consider the content, classification, and determination of effective means of training specialists, using English-language texts with different stylistic features in their work, regarding the transmission of emotions and content markers in newspaper articles through idioms. The purpose of the research is to determine the dependence of the success rate of students-journalists on introducing innovative methods and thematic blocks to the educational process, as well as establishing an assessment by the participants of the educational process of active study of English phraseology. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach. The descriptive methods, structural and semantic approaches to the classification of idioms were used to study the theoretical material. The experimental method, methods of questionnaires, surveys, observations, were also used in the academic paper. The fundamental hypothesis is that innovative courses containing new approaches and scientific innovations contribute to improving the success and practical skills of students - journalists. The research result is the establishment of interdependence between innovations in the scope and the course content and the improvement of student performance, and interest in learning. In prospect, attention should be paid to a practice-centered approach to the philological component in journalism education in English-speaking countries.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of influential modifications of the genre system of modern mass media. It has been established that the mass media are one of the main means of communication for the wide audience. The meaning of the words "modification", "mass media", "mobile journalism", "new media" has been studied. The article notes that "new media" appeared in the 60s of the XX century. The main characteristics of the media are presented. It is noted that the most common examples of mass media are television, radio, newspapers, magazines, social media, digital media, the Internet. The textbooks and publications of domestic and foreign scientists, which raise the issue of influential modifications of the genre system of modern mass media are highlighted. It was found that the first media were newspaper, telegraph, radio, television. The study of the main types of media is emphasized: traditional media, print media, electronic broadcasting media, external media, transit media and new media. It is noted that new media is a reconceptualization of traditional media. The aspect of media in the role of a social institution has been studied. It was noted about the significant impact of digitalization on the global media system. The significant influence of the use of the Internet in the political life of the United States is given as an illustrative example. The use of the "video story" technology as one of the strategies for holding the attention of the reader or listener is considered. The focus is on the interactive storytelling made possible by digital media and provides advantages for interactive television and cinema, as well as helping to create virtual and mixed reality in games, contributing to the emergence of new forms of voice games.

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<p><em>The study uses an empirical method which involves free finding of right material to study the origin and genesis of political parallelism as an integral characteristic of the media system. On the basis of the scientific facts obtained, the empirical dependence of the degree of political parallelism in society on the nature of the relationship between the media and political sectors has been established. The use of the comparative method provided an opportunity to analyze political parallelism in Ukraine using (comparing) relevant indicators in Western countries (democracies) and other models of social development. Contemporary Ukrainian media were investigated using the method of content analysis in order to determine the real level of political parallelism in the country.</em></p><p><em>The article discusses the theoretical aspects of the emergence and development of the concept of political parallelism as an important component of the media system’s characteristics.  Based on empirical material, an attempt to analyze the various aspects of the interconnection of media and political forces of media systems both inside and outside the world is made. It was found that the political parallelism consists of a large number of components (media content, communication between parties and the media, readers’ affection for particular political views, etc.), which can be used to study the properties of various media systems. Historical forms of interconnection between the media and parties or political groups are also a marker of political parallelism. An important parameter, which is a sign of political parallelism, is the internal and external pluralism of the media, which respectively affect the high, medium or low degree of political parallelism. A notable assessment of the degree of political parallelism (according to scholars) is the developed system of public broadcasting and the existence of bodies that control commercial broadcasting.</em></p><p><em>The article attempts to analyze the level of political parallelism in the Ukrainian segment of media sources on the basis of a large set of theoretical materials. The conclusion about the importance of research in the contemporary Ukrainian context of media relations and politics is made. Analysis of the level of political parallelism in the Ukrainian media system allows to evaluate the media processes and media organizations in our country as being in the process of transforming a «non-Western» form of democracy.</em></p><p><em>The results of the study can be used in the scientific developments of researches of media systems and the concept of political parallelism, in the teaching of special courses for students of specialty «journalism».</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>media systems, political parallelism, mass media, Ukrainian media.</em></p>