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The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationships between partisan and nonpartisan voting patterns in four cities using nonpartisan municipal elections. It is part of a larger comparative study on the process of policy formation in middle-sized cities. The data have been used to test the nonpartisan rationale which states that the removal of party labels from the ballot insulates local elections from state and national political party influences.The “insulation” argument states that national political parties do not and cannot adequately serve the needs of the local political unit. Their intrusion into the local scene invariably represents the introduction of irrelevancies which confuse the voters and prevent them from dwelling on local issues in city elections. Thus, the nonpartisan idea is partially based on the belief that local democracy will be improved through rationalizing its political universe. Citizens will choose well if specific, pertinent, and familiar questions are posed to them.

We describe a photocatalytic system that reveals latent photooxidant behavior from one of the most reducing conventional photoredox catalysts, <i>N</i>-phenylphenothiazine<i> </i>(<b>PTH</b>). This aerobic photochemical reaction engages difficult to oxidize feedstocks, such as benzene, in C(sp²)–N coupling reactions through direct oxidation. Mechanistic studies are consistent with activation of <b>PTH</b> via photooxidation and that Lewis acid co-catalysts scavenge inhibitors formed upon catalyst activation.

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