Résumé Nous cherchons à savoir si le jeu de la « balle assise », en raison de sa structure d’ambivalence et d’instabilité, permet l’actualisation des relations socio-affectives des protagonistes. Deux groupes de 23 et 26 étudiants sont sollicités et nous comparons les résultats de questionnaires sociométriques avec les communications motrices observées au cours du jeu. Notre étude révèle une corrélation prononcée entre les relations socio-affectives et les relations fonctionnelles (p<.01). Les relations socio-affectives semblent être omniprésentes dans tous les choix décisionnels des protagonistes. Dans la mesure où nos résultats seraient généralisables, le jeu traditionnel de la « balle assise », pourtant souvent jugé désuet, offrirait des ressources insoupçonnées. Sur le vif, il permettrait au pédagogue de saisir la personnalité des acteurs et les relations socio-affectives du groupe. Il pourrait ainsi se « substituer » -dans une certaine mesure- au questionnaire sociométrique et deviendrait un outil d’intervention psycho-sociologique.
Résumé En football, il est classique de réduire la communication sur le terrain à un cumul de transmissions d’informations. Elle ne représente pourtant que 12 % des interactions au haut niveau. Au-delà des échanges directement liés à la réalisation de la tâche (passes, tirs, interceptions, tacles), les interactants ont recours à un « code secret et compliqué » afin de se comprendre. L’objet de l’article est de mettre au jour ce « code », autrement dit les signes moteurs constitutifs de ce dernier et leurs articulations possibles. Dans cette optique, les conduites communicationnelles de 40 joueurs de haut niveau sont décortiquées. La connaissance de ce « code » offre des perspectives stimulantes, aussi bien pour la recherche qu’en matière d’entraînement.
The aim of this present study is to investigate the influence of three learning contexts on the development of motor creativity of young footballers (8–9 years old). In team sport, creativity is a fundamental issue because it allows players to adapt in an environment of high social uncertainty. To carry out this work, we suggest a method for assessing motor creativity into ecological situations based on the analysis of praxical communications. Creativity originates from an interaction between divergence and convergence. In our case, the number of communications (fluidity) and the diversity of updated communications (flexibility) are our divergence indicators. Convergence, understood as the ability to make good decisions, is assessed by two expert judges (R > 0.90). Sixty boys’ football players (M = 8.67; SD = 0.3) coming from three football clubs participated in this research. The study lasted 2 years. Each year, a team of 10 players from each club participated in the research twice a week for 32 weeks (8 months), these groups attended different training sessions: (a) the control group (n = 20) followed a classical learning; (b) the decoding group (n = 20) attended training focused on learning the praxemes of football; (c) the traditional sporting games group (n = 20) followed a training session that was jointly focused on praxemes and the practice of traditional sporting games. The motor creativity of players and groups was assessed both at the beginning and at the end of the year during football matches. Compared to the control group, in the post-test, the group with the highest fluidity is the decoding group (p < 0.001) and the one with the highest fluidity is the traditional sporting games group. The latter group is also the one with the best convergence (p < 0.001). The results showed that traditional games can help develop players’ creative abilities. This research invites us to investigate the complementarity between the different offered training.
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99 adult specialists in combat sports (n = 21), team sports (n = 37), gymnastics (n = 22), and swimming (n = 19) (M age = 20 yr., SD = 2; 64 young men, 35 young women) performed three 25-m swimming tasks whilst "blindfolded" by opaque goggles: front crawl in a straight line, dolphin-kicking on the back, and dolphin-kicking on the front. Even though the gymnasts (like the swimmers) were at ease in all 3 situations, the motor skills of the "motor interaction" specialists (team sports, combat sports) put the latter at a disadvantage. The similarities between the gymnasts' and swimmers' behavior (confirmed using factorial correspondence analysis with the TRIDEUX program) are undoubtedly related to the fact that these sportspersons essentially live in the same sensory space in their respective practices: exteroceptive information is subordinated by proprioceptive information. In contrast, the 99 subjects' timed freestyle swimming performances over 75 m depended so much on their physical and anthropometric qualities that the results were independent of the sporting specialties for the novice swimmers. Hence, the mere fact that the 22 gymnasts, who tended to be shorter, with a higher proportion of women, were more at ease in the water did not turn them into great performers.
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