Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 19 avril 2019. © Tous droits réservés L'îlot de chaleur urbain parisien selon les types de temps Weather types and Urban Heat Island in Paris Olivier Cantat L'îlot de chaleur urbain parisien selon les types de temps Norois, 191 | 2008

International audienceThe triggering factors of rock falls remain unknown due to a lack of exhaustive, regular and accurate surveys. Based on an inventory of 331 rock falls collected weekly between 2002 and 2009 from Veules-les-Roses to Le Treport (Upper Normandy), the relationships between coastal chalk cliff rock falls (dates and geomorphological features) and external factors commonly agreed as triggering (rainfall, temperature variations, tide and wind) are studied. The combination of multivariate statistical and empirical analyses indicates that (1) “cold and dry weather” and “high rainfall and high wind” are the conditions most likely to trigger rock falls, (2) the main triggering factors of rock falls are effective rainfall (for rock falls mostly between 200 and 1,400 m3 or larger than 10,000 m3 and coming from the whole cliff face), freeze/thaw cycles (especially for rock falls smaller than 200 m3 and coming from the foot and top of the cliff face) and marine roughness (rock falls mainly smaller than 200 m3 and coming from the cliff foot). However, the contribution of each factor to triggering is difficult to determine because of combinations of factors (85 % of 331 cases), relays of processes and hysteresis phenomena. In view of these first results, it is still presumptuous to predict the location and time of triggering of rock falls. However, the statistical and naturalistic approaches adopted and the observations made in this study are from an original database, and constitute a real starting point for the prediction and prevention of the hazard of coastal chalk cliff rock falls in Upper Normandy

International audienceSulphur (S) is one of the six main macroelements required to sustain the growth of plants. Sources include soil, fertilizer and atmospheric deposition, which has been reduced by 85% over the last three decades. Risks of S deficiencies are now recognized in high S-demanding species such as Brassica napus L. With the aims of evaluating the risk of excessive or insufficient fertilization and identifying robust relationships that may be used as plant S status indicators, 57 commercial crops of oilseed rape were selected among contrasting soils and along a rainfall gradient that may affect soil S availability. Cultivation practices were investigated and the S and nitrogen (N) concentrations of soil, senescing leaves, stems and seeds were analysed. Despite an excessive organic N supply and large variation in S supply (from 0 to 112 kg S/ha), principal component analysis using 43 parameters indicated that seed yield was poorly related to N and S fertilization rates. While the N and protein-N concentrations in seeds were inversely related to oil and glucosinolate concentrations, they were linked to S and sulphate (SO42-) accumulation in the seeds. Sulphate concentrations in senescing leaves, stems or seeds could be deduced from total S concentrations, as they were positively and highly correlated. Sulphate accounted for on average 0 69 of total S in senescing leaves with minimum and maximumvalues of 0 007 and 0 94, which revealed conditions of limited and excess supply of S, respectively. This high variation of SO42- concentration in leaves can be interpreted as the result of its mobilization triggered by S deficiency, but cannot be used alone as an indicator of plant S status. A comparison with plants grown in controlled conditions under different S supplies suggests that the intensity of S starvation affects N metabolism, leading to NO3-(nitrate) accumulation. It is further suggested that dual evaluation of SO42- and NO3- concentrations in senescing leaves could be used at the vegetative stage as a field indicator to adjust S fertilization

Variation of atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and temperature were not significantly related to the onset of the first episode of PSP in healthy patients. These results suggest that the scientific community should focus on other possible aetiological factors than airway pressure modifications.