OBJECTIVEDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, neurosurgeons all around the globe continue to operate in emergency cases using new self-protective measures. Personal protective equipment (PPE) use is recommended in all surgeries. The authors have experienced varying degrees of field of view (FOV) loss under the surgical microscope with different PPE. Herein, they aimed to investigate the effects of different PPE on FOV while using the surgical microscope.METHODSFifteen neurosurgeons and neurosurgery residents participated in this study. Three kinds of PPE (safety spectacles, blast goggles, and face shields) were tested while using a surgical microscope. FOV was measured using a 12 × 12–cm checkered sheet of paper on which every square had an area of 25 mm2 under the microscope. The surgical microscope was positioned perpendicular to the test paper, and the zoom was fixed. Each participant marked on the test sheet the peripheral borders of their FOV while using different PPE and without wearing any PPE. A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to determine if there was a significant difference in FOV values with the different PPE.RESULTSFOV was significantly different between each PPE (F[3, 42] = 6339.845, p < 0.0005). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease in the FOV from the naked eye (9305.33 ± 406.1 mm2) to blast goggles (2501.91 ± 176.5 mm2) and face shields (92.33 ± 6.4 mm2). There were no significant FOV changes with the safety spectacles (9267.45 ± 410.5 mm2).CONCLUSIONSWhile operating under a surgical microscope safety spectacles provide favorable FOVs. Face shields increase the eye piece–pupil distance, which causes a severe reduction in FOV.

AIm: Meningioma literature has many large surgical case series, which have been references of text books and neurosurgical practice. Many of those series were published when stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was not so common or these series were in terms of World Health Organization (WHO) 2000 classification. In this study, we aimed to make an update to the current literature using WHO 2007 classification system. mATERIAl and mEThODS: Four hundred eighty-eight intracranial meningioma patients underwent open surgery in 2007-2013 and 449 of them were included in this study. All pathological specimens were re-evaluated in terms of WHO 2007 classification. All demographical and follow-up records and imaging archives were investigated by using our center's central automation system and National Central Population Management System. If records were not available or not adequate, investigators made phone calls to patients. Pediatric patients were excluded. RESulTS:Three hundred twenty-six female (76.2%) and 123 male (27.4%) patients were analyzed. Their ages ranged from 18 to 84 years (mean=51.6±11.9 years). The most common subtype of meningioma was meningothelial meningioma (51.7%), followed by atypical meningioma (20.3%). WHO Grade I meningiomas had statistically random localization distribution, but WHO Grade II meningiomas were more common in the convexity, parasagittal and middle fossa. Younger age was found to be significantly related with tumor recurrence or progression. Seventy-three (16.2%) patients underwent SRS and 64 (14.2%) patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) after surgery. Convexity localization was found to be associated with recurrence, mortality and higher WHO 2007 grade.CONCluSION: Convexity meningiomas are associated with recurrence, mortality and higher WHO 2007 grade. Convexity meningiomas should be totally resected in order to achieve maximum benefit from surgery,

Background/aim: To compare the behavioural and neurobiological consequences of chronic headache and chronic mild stress (CMS) in rats.Materials and methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) control group, 2) chronic headache group, 3) CMS group, and 4) sham group. Their behaviour prior to (D0) and after (D14) chronic stress was analysed. Afterwards, they were exposed to the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) in order to evaluate anxiety-like behaviour and the Forced Swim Test (FST) for observation of depressivelike behaviour. Ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) were recorded by a USV detector system at D0 and D14 and during the FST. The c-fos expressions in various brain regions were analysed 2 h after the EPM and FST. Results:The control group showed significantly more sleeping behaviour at D14 (χ² = 8.213, P = 0.042), emitted more negative and positive affect USVs at D14 (χ² = 9.853, P = 0.020) and during FST (χ² = 4.000, P = 0.046) than the chronic headache and CMS groups, and showed significantly less anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM than the CMS group (P = 0.021). Conclusion:These results suggest that CMS increases anxiety-like behaviour but not depressive-like behaviour, while chronic headache does not have a significant effect on these behaviours in rats.

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tr Preparation of liposome formulationsStructurally multilamellar liposomes were prepared from dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC)-cholesterol in 50% ratio using the dry-film hydration by vortex mixer Background/aim: Based on our previous in vitro study with multilamellar liposomal bupivacaine (MLB) versus bupivacaine alone in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, we aimed to investigate in vivo antinociceptive effect of intrathecal MLB by determining tail flick latency (TFL) time after thermal stimulation in rats. Materials and methods:After preparing MLB and high-yield drug entrapment in liposome (HYDEL) bupivacaine, 18 female Wistar rats were assigned to 3 groups as control (bupivacaine) and study groups (MLB and HYDEL bupivacaine) including 6 rats in each group to administer these drugs intrathecally. Antinociceptive activity was determined in terms of TFL time after thermal stimulation. Maximum possible effect (MPE) calculated from TFL times and rats with motor block were documented.Results: TFL times after intrathecal injection of HYDEL bupivacaine were significantly longer than that of the control and MLB groups (P < 0.05) and returned to baseline 180 min after intrathecal injection. MPE (100%) with intrathecal HYDEL bupivacaine occurred between 10 to 45 min. Afterwards, MPEs were 70% and 50% for the control and MLB groups, respectively. Motor block disappeared after 20 min in the study groups while it lasted 75 min in the control. Conclusion:Intrathecal administration of MLB and HYDEL bupivacaine in rats resulted in longer duration of antinociceptive activity with shorter motor block duration.