Evaluation of the Benefit of Cold Flow Experiments for the Characterization of Column InternalsCold flow experiments with air and water as model fluids can make an important contribution to the characterization of column internals. They can be performed with comparatively low effort, however, on the other hand serve as an essential base for fluid dynamic model approaches, which in turn provide a bridge to technically relevant systems and operating conditions. In combination with other valuation methods, such as test mixture analyses or mathematical models, they can make a very important contribution to the safe and pinpoint design of column internals. Possibilities, but also limits of cold flow experiments are shown and related to tests with organic systems.

Investigation of high pressure permeation behaviour of single gases through microporous ceramic membranes Part 1. Measurement method and influence of adsorption on permeationThe permeation behaviour of single gases (He, H 2 , N 2 , Ar, CH 4 , CO 2 ) through meso (ZrO 2 ) and micro (TiO 2 ) porous ceramic membranes was measured within a pressure range of 1 to 10 MPa and a temperature range of 293 to 373 K, using steady state and dynamic experimental methods. The TiO 2 -membrane shows by adsorption affected permeation, whereas the ZrO 2 -membrane is not influenced by these effects.

Investigation of high pressure permeation behaviour of single gases through microporous ceramic membranes Part 2. Analysis of transport mechanismsThe determined behaviour of a TiO 2 -membrane with an effective pore diameter below 1 nm cannot be described comprehensively by the transport mechanisms known at present. The

Background: Different events affecting public transportation systems such as the Madrid bomb attacks in 2004 have exposed the vulnerability of open and complex infrastructure. Providers have to deal with these threats and prepare to prevent and respond. For a systematic identification and assessment of threats, a variety of appropriate risk management (RM) systems can be chosen. To choose an appropriate RM system for a public transportation system, a comparison is needed. Therefore, the providers have to define self-assessment criteria based on local requirements to get reliable results.Aim: Most international RM systems are based on qualitative descriptions making it difficult to extract and determine such criteria. In fact, no comparison can currently be done between different qualitatively described RM systems. One solution to obtain reliable comparative results is the quantification of qualitative statements. This research shows an assignment of numerical values for qualitative criteria to make a comparison possible.Method: The comparison is based on adaptation of a use-value analysis that accomplishes the requirements of public transportation systems. It compares different decision alternatives, especially if there are no quantitative criteria. Qualitative criteria are categorized and assigned to each pre-defined target compliance factors connecting with numerical values. Additionally, the prioritisation of qualitative criteria is determined with weighting coefficients. Results: The combination of weighting coefficient and target compliance factor helps to establish reliable results in a relative comparison. The use-value analysis is defined by assessment criteria for risk and threat detection, effort of implementation and support, and quality of RM results.Conclusion: Public transportation providers can use this method using their local requirement and assessment criteria to find an appropriate RM system. Still, the application of the use-value analysis provides reliable information about the suitability of different RM systems, but no further information about the effect of the systems.

Olivenmühlenabwasser (OMW) fällt als Nebenprodukt der Olivenölproduktion jedes Jahr in großen Mengen nach der Olivenernte hauptsächlich in der mediterranen Region an. Problematisch ist die hohe Belastung mit organischen Bestandteilen, wie phytotoxischen Polyphenolen, die beträchtliche Umweltschäden hervorrufen können. Andererseits werden einige Polyphenole aufgrund ihrer antioxidativen Eigenschaften in vielen Industriebranchen, z. B. zur Herstellung von Kunststoffen, Kosmetika und Medikamenten, genutzt. Eine kombinierte Wasseraufbereitung erlaubt neben der Wasserreinigung auch die Rückgewinnung der enthaltenen Polyphenolverbindungen zur industriellen Nutzung. Eine Möglichkeit bietet hier die Membrantechnik. Im Folgenden wird ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung zur Polyphenolrückgewinnung aus OMW mittels Membrantechnologien gegeben.