AbstrakInfeksi merupakan penyakit penyebab kematian di Indonesia. Salah satu penyebab perkembangan penyakit infeksi di Indonesia adalah resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik standar. Antimicrobial Activity of Betel Nut Ethanolic Extract Fractions in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus AbstractInfection is the major cause of death in Indonesia. Antibiotic resistant is responsible for this progression. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known as the main cause of nosocomial and community infections.The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract fractions of betel nut (Areca catechu L) was studied on MRSA. The research was performed at the Microbiology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Cimahi, the Pharmacology Laboratory of Bandung Institute of Technology, and Research and Development of Ocean Geology Laboratory in May-June 2011.The antimicrobial activities of the extract and fraction were tested by microdilution broth method, bioautography and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The most effective result showed by water fraction with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 256 µg/mL. Bioautography result showed a spot on thin layer chromatography (TLC) chromatogramof water fraction which inhibited the bacterial growth, which was the spot with Rf 0.6. The spot was suggested as a phenolic substance due to positive result to FeCl3. The electron microscope image showed the breakdown of membrane cell/inner site of bacteria which was exposed by betel nut extract and fractions in which the bacteria was shrinked, bubbled and broken.In conclusion, betel nut ethanolic extract has the ability to inhibit MRSA. [MKB. 2014;46(2):94-9]

Effect of steeped black tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) var. assamica) on immunoglobulin titer (IgM and IgG) and lymphocyte proliferation in responses to hepatitis B vaccine inBALB/c mice has been investigated. The study was divided into two stages i.e. the determination of immunoglobulin titer and the test of lymphocytes proliferation. In the first stage mice were divided into 5 groups each consisting of 5 mice. Group I, II and III was given steeped black tea respectively with a dose of 600 mg/kg bw; 1.2 g/kg bw and 2.4 g/kg bw. Group IV was given Stimuno ® with a dose of 6.5 mg/kg bw, and group V was given aquadest as negative control. All groups were induced by hepatitis B vaccine on day-0 (after 7 days of acclimatization). Serum was taken on day-14 and 21 for measurement of IgM titer and IgG, respectively. In the second stage, the mice were grouped as in the first stage, then all groups were induced by hepatitis B vaccine at day-0 and day-7. On day-27 lymphocyte was isolated and then tested for the growth and proliferation of lymphocytes. The results of this study showed that the steeped black tea has an effect in increasingIgM and IgG titer of BALB/cmice induced by hepatitis B vaccine, where the most effective dose was 1.2 g/kg bw. Steeped black tea also could increase lymphocytes proliferation in mice BALB/cinduced by hepatitis B vaccine, where the most effective dose was 1.2 g/kg bw.

Abstrak Kanker payudara merupakan kanker yang menyerang jaringan epitel payudara. Terapi kanker dengan obat-obatan dapat memiliki efek samping sehingga potensi bahan alam mulai dikembangkan sebagai obat antikanker. Herba kelakai (Stenochleana palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd.) merupakan bahan alam sebagai alternatif pengobatan kanker. Sel T47D adalah model sel kanker payudara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat, dan fraksi air dari herba kelakai terhadap sel kanker payudara T47D dan mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak dan fraksi herba kelakai terhadap ekspresi p53 dan Bcl-2. Herba kelakai diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi. Uji sitotoksik dilakukan dengan metode uji methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay pada sel kanker payudara T47D dan Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. Ekspresi p53 dan Bcl-2 dilakukan dengan uji imunositokimia. Fraksi n-heksan dan etil asetat herba kelakai memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara T47D dengan nilai IC50 86,99 μg/mL dan 98,43 μg/mL, sedangkan fraksi air tidak memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik dengan nilai IC50 >1000 μg/mL. Ekstrak dan fraksi n-heksan herba kelakai dapat meningkatkan ekspresi p53 dan menurunkan ekspresi protein Bcl-2.Kata kunci: Bcl-2, Herba kelakai (Stenochleana palustris), p53, sel kanker payudara T47D, sitotoksik AbstractBreast cancer is cancer that attacks the epithelial tissue of the breast. Cancer therapy with drugs have side effects to human, so the potency of natural ingredients is developed as anticancer drugs. Kelakai herbs (Stenochleana palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd.) is a natural ingredient as an alternative treatment for cancer. T47D cells are a model for breast cancer cells. This research aims to examine the cytotoxic activity of extracts, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction of kelakai herbs against T47D breast cancer cells and to determine the effect of extract and fraction of kelakai herbs to p53 and Bcl-2 expression. The herbs were extracted by maceration method. A cytotoxic test was performed using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay on T47D breast cancer cells and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. The expression of p53 and Bcl-2 was carried out the immunocytochemical test. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of kelakai herbs had cytotoxic activity against T47D breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 86.99μg/mL and 98.43μg/mL, the water fraction did not have cytotoxic activity with IC50 values >1000μg/mL. Extract and n-hexane fraction of kelakai herb can increase p53 expression and decrease Bcl-2 protein expression. Keywords: Bcl-2, the breast cancer T47D cells, cytotoxic, kelakai herbs (Stenochleana palustris), p53

<p><span lang="EN-US">Biofilm merupakan kumpulan dari sel-sel mikrobial yang melekat secara ireversibel pada suatu permukaan dan terbungkus dalam matriks EPS (</span><em><span lang="EN-US">Extracellular Polymeric</span></em><em><span lang="EN-US">Substances</span></em><span lang="EN-US">). Salah satu bakteri infeksius yang memproduksi biofilm adalah </span><em><span lang="EN-US">S. aureus</span></em><span lang="EN-US">. Biji pinang diketahui mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid dan tanin yang memiliki mekanisme antibiofilm dan antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibiofilm ekstrak dan fraksi biji pinang terhadap bakteri </span><em><span lang="EN-US">S. aureus. </span></em><span lang="EN-US">Ekstraksi biji pinang dilakukan dengan metode maserasi, fraksinasi dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut air, etil asetat dan n-heksan. Aktivitas penghambatan dan degradasi biofilm dilakukan dengan metode pewarnaan kristal violet yang dibaca pada panjang gelombang 595 nm. Persen peghambatan dan degradasi yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik ANAVA dua arah. Persen penghambatan dan degradasi tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak </span><span lang="IN">etanol</span><span lang="EN-US">yaitu secara berturut-turut 70,17% dan 54%</span><em></em><span lang="EN-US">dengan nilai IC₅₀ secara berturut-turut yaitu -0,4 mg/ml dan 5,9 mg/ml. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan setiap kelompok sampel dan konsentrasi memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada persen penghambatan dan degradasi biofilm.</span></p>

Kaffir lime leaves essential oil has activity to inhibit bacterial growth. The mechanism of the inhibition is thought to be located in thebacterial cell wall. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial work location of kaffir lime leaf essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Kaffir lime leaves were distilled by steam distillation, essential oils obtained were identified by organoleptic quality, evaporation, solubility in alcohol, refractive index and specific gravity. The results were compared under with the literature. The results of essential oils were made with various concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.13, 1.56, 0.73, 0.39, and 0.20%. The results of the concentration series were tested for antibacterial activity with the macrodilution method followed by the determination for the location of bacterial growth inhibition using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The yield of kaffir lime leaf essential oil was 0.82%. The observation of organoleptic essential oil has a light yellow color, the distinctive odor of kaffir lime, a liquid form, and distinctive lime taste. Refractive index examination resulted 1.454; specific gravity 0.8317, and soluble in 70% ethanol with a ratio of 1:1. The Minimum BactericidalConcentration (MBC) obtained from the antibacterial activity test was 6.25%. Kaffir lime leaves essential oil mechanism occurred in the cell walls and cell membranes of Staphylococcus aureus.