Dyadic emotional availability and infant-mother attachment relationship were examined in 687 Israeli dyads. Concurrent assessments used the Strange Situation procedure (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) for evaluating infants' attachment relationship, and the Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1993) for evaluating the quality of mother-child interaction. It was found that higher scores on the Emotional Availability Scales were associated with infant attachment security. In addition, it was found that the Emotional Availability Scales discriminated between insecure-ambivalent and secure attachment classification, but were not informative about unique characteristics of emotional availability in dyads with avoidant and disorganized infants. Our findings contribute to the cross-cultural validation of Emotional Availability Scales against infants' attachment security.

Three components of the attachment transmission model were examined in 48 kibbutz dyads from 2 kibbutz sleeping arrangements: communal and home-based. Concurrent assessments used the Strange Situation procedure (M. D. Ainsworth, M. C. Blehar, E. Waters, & S. Wall, 1978) for infants' attachment relations, the Adult Attachment Interview (C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985) for mothers' attachment representations, and the Emotional Availability Scales (Z. Biringen, J. L. Robinson, & R. N. Emde, 1993) for emotional availability in the dyads. Security of infants' attachment relations as well as autonomy of mothers' attachment representations were associated with higher emotional availability scores. In addition, significantly poorer emotional availability was found in dyads in which infants were insecurely attached and mothers were nonautonomous. Results also indicate that in the ecology of collective sleeping, the associations between the experience of emotional availability in the dyads and infants' and mothers' attachment may have been disrupted.

SAGI, ABKAM \M, \ VN IJ/LNDOOHN, M UUNUS H Avii ζι κ, ΟΗΛ DOSNLLI , FUVNK and M > OUVA Sleeping Out of Home in a Kibbutz Communal Arrangement It \iakes a Difference for Injant-Mother \ttacninent CIÜLD Dt VLLOPMLNM , 1994,65,992-1004 Att ichment classific.Uion distributions oi mlant-mothei dyads hvmg in 2 tvpes of Isiaeh kibbut7im wtre comp.utd The subjects weie 48 uiiants, 14-22 months old (M = 18 29 months) 13 bovs and 10 girls were from 23 kibbut.7 infants houses with communal sleeping arrangements ind 13 bovs ind 12 guls were hom 25 kibbutz inlants houses with honie-b ised sleeping arrangements The 2 groups diel not dilfer on inlants' temperament and eaily hfe events, mother-mtant plav mteraction, quahty of infants' davtime environment, 01 any oi severil maternal variables Among the home-based mfants, 80% weie secuiely attached to then mothers veisus 48% of the infants in communal sleeping anangements No avoidant relationships were found Including the disorgamzed disonented attachment classification (44% m the communal group, 32% in the home-based group) did not change the results We argue that the communal sleeping arrangement presents a childreanng environment that deviates markedly fiom the environment of evolutionary adaptedness Bowlby (1984, p 60) emphasized the et al , 1985), we exammed the secunty of impoitance of observmg the development of mfant-mother attachment when infants weie children raised within settmgs that deviate being raised in a traditional kibbutz commuconsiderably from the so-called environ-nal sleeping arrangement. Infants in this setment of evolutionary adaptedness. In our ting are exposed to child-reanng practices first study on the development oi attachment that differ markedly from those that attachm infants raised m Israeli kibbutzim (Sagi ment theonsts consider desirable, and conThis work was supported in part by funds provided to Abraham Sagi by the Umversity of Haifa Research Authouty and m part by a PIONEER grant awarded to Marinus H van IJzendoorn by the Netherlands Orgamzation for Scientific Research Frank Donnell's master's thesis at the Umversity of Haifa was based on this study We aie most grateful to Arza Avrahami, the director of the Institute of Research on Kibbutz Education, foi her outstanding assistance and cooperation throughout the various phases of the study Special thanks are due to Zvi Lavi and Michael Nathan, lormer duectors of the Institute We should also hke to thank Tirtsa Joels, Moshe Tuvia, and Yael Harel for their unusual devotion in collecting and codmg the data Finallv, our deep appreciation to the eailv education coordmators, metaplot, and iamihes m the vanous kibbut/im loi thcu wann coopeiation Couespondcnce concerning this aiticle should be addressed to \biaham Sagi,

To determine whether the transmission of attachment across generations is free from contextual constraints, adult attachment representations were assessed in two kibbutz settings, home-based and communal sleeping. It was hypothesised that under extreme child-rearing circumstances, such as the communal sleeping arrangement, the transmission of attachment is not evident, whereas in the more regular home-based environment the expected transmission of attachment will be found. The participants were 45 mothers and 45 infants, about equal numbers of boys and girls, from 20 kibbutz infant houses with communal sleeping arrangements, and from 25 kibbutz infant houses with home-based sleeping arrangements. Mothers were administered the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), and infants were assessed through the Ainsworth Strange Situation.

This article focuses on kibbutz care for infants and young children. It reviews (a) past and present practices of collective education within the context of its historical background and guiding principles and (b) the results of developmental research regarding the impact of multiple caregiving and group care on children's socioemotional development within the framework of attachment theory. The research results indicate that, from a psychological point of view, collective sleeping is a problematic aspect of kibbutz child rearing. However, group care and multiple caregiving of high quality do not necessarily interfere with the formation of close relationships between parents and children or with the development of social skills.An Israeli kibbutz (pl., kibbutzim) is a cooperative, democratically governed, multigenerational Community with an average population of 400-900 people. Each kibbutz is economically and socially autonomous but is also affiliated with one of three kibbutz organizations called "kibbutz movements" that offer support and guidance to individual kibbutzim. In the past, the kibbutz movements were deeply divided by political and ideological diiferences that were expressed even on the level of child-care practices. With the passage of time, however, most of these differences have lost their significance, and many kibbutz members today favor the idea of establishing a single united kibbutz movement. Every kibbutz member works for the kibbutz economy and is in turn provided by the Community with housing, food, clothing, health and educational Services, recreation, and other living needs. In the past, kibbutzim had been fairly isolated agricultural communities in which living conditions were exceedingly hard. Today kibbutz economies are based on adiversity of Industries and agricultural activities and are able to provide members with a satisfying Standard of living.The kibbutz is known äs being one of the very few utopian experiments that have succeeded in establishing a radically different way of living and of raising children. As many äs four generations have been brought up in kibbutzim since the first such communities were founded at the turn of the Century. The kibbutz child-rearing System, also called collective education, has been treated in the literature äs furnishing a "natural labo-