There are physical, physico-chemical and chemical parameters which can be used as a basis for the characterisations of soils. Some of these characterisation methods are slow, laborious and show very empiric character. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopic methods were used for substitution of conventional soil analysis procedures. Seven different soil characteristics (humus, calcium carbonate, total nitrogen, dead water content, yarn test by Arany, mechanical composition, hygroscopic water content) were measured by NIR using Hungarian and ISO standards as reference methods. It was concluded that the humus content, which measures the total organic content of soil can be predicted from NIR spectra with good accuracy (SEP = 0.3%). There are two parameters (mechanical composition and hygroscopicity) which showed significant correlation with the changes in the status of water in soil and they were detectable with acceptable accuracy based on their NIR spectra. The other four parameters were not predictable either due to the lack of spectroscopic information or to the poor quality of reference methods. The developed method was very sensitive to the physical status of samples and an accurate standard sample preparation was needed. Spectral libraries were developed and validated for a quick and non-destructive qualification and selection of soil samples.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Agricultural goods obtained and produced in Hungary have played an important role in the markets of Western Europe. By utilizing the ecological potentials of the Carpathian Basin, local inhabitants are in the position to produce considerable food surpluses in addition to meeting their own demands. With agricultural production becoming more and more intensive in Hungary, the application of mineral fertilizers also started to increase slowly from the 1960’s. From the mid-1970’s a uniform sampling, soil testing and fertilization extension system was created together with its own institutional and laboratory testing network. The intensive use of mineral fertilizers in Hungary lasted from the mid-1970’s to the last quarter of the 1980’s, during which an average amount of 230 kg·ha -1 NPK fertilizer was applied. In this period the so-called “build-up” fertilization was applied in conformity with the improvement of all other elements involved in the production technology, which was also clearly expressed in the agro-political objectives of those days aiming to obtain higher yields. At that time the nutrient supply and nutrient base of soils in Hungary increased clearly, so the production technology could no longer limit higher yields. In 1990 agriculture changed fundamentally and radically in Hungary, and the same was valid for nutrient supplies as well. At the beginning of the 1990’s there was a sudden decrease in the level of mineral fertilizer application (to below 40 kg NPK active ingredients·ha -1 ), followed by a slow increase, which has reached the level of almost 70 kg·ha -1 by today. In the meantime the animal stock in Hungary has decreased and consequently the amount of manure has also fallen. All in all, the nutrient balance of Hungarian soils has always been negative since 1989. Due to the changes in its structure and ownership over the past twenty years or so, it has become very difficult to obtain reliable information about Hungarian agriculture. The Soil Resources Management General Partnership (in Hungarian: Talajerőgazdálkodás Kkt.) conducts extension work based on soil sampling and has a continuous flow of data on over thirty thousand hectares, beginning at the end of the 1970’s. Based on the analyses of these data it can be stated that the extra amount of nutrients over balance, applied during the period of replenishment (until the change in regimes) has been „removed” from the soil over the past fifteen years, consequently the Hungarian nutrient balance has become negative again. This kind of fertilization practice cannot be sustained in Hungary, as the maintenance of the production potential of Hungarian soils is far from being resolved at the moment; it poses risks to and questions sustainability, as well as it may cause a very serious competitive disadvantage to the country.