Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance profile and characterize extended spectrum beta-lactamase gene of enterobacteria strains isolated from human biological products, fecal matter of animals and the environment. Materials and Methods: Enterobacteria producing ESBL strains were isolated from human products, fecal matter of healthy animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) intended for human consumption and environment (hospital effluents and municipal sewage) using homemade medium (Drigalski supplemented with 2 mg/L of ceftazidime). Resistance to beta-lactams has been evaluated by the diffusion method was carried out as recommended by NCCLS. Characterization of Beta-Lactamase resistance genes (blaCTXM, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaGES, blaPER and blaVEB) was performed by simplex and multiplex PCR. Results: The strains were resistant to antibiotics from beta-lactam family (penicillin with inhibitor, monobactam, cephalosporin) but no resistant was observed to carbapenem (imipénème, méropénème). All resistance genes were identified in environment strains. Conclusion: This study showed the presence of common beta-lactam resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M) to human, animal and environment. The risk of dissemination and circulation of ESBL enterobacteria between animals, humans and the environment exists in Ivory Coast because of the absence of a barrier between them.

Some Candida species are considered as human opportunistic pathogens and can play an important role in spontaneous fermentations, but also as beverage-spoiling microorganisms. The aim of this pioneering study was to investigate Candida spp. in hot beverages, which is consumed mostly on the streets in Côte d'Ivoire. Yeast strains were isolated from 400 hot beverages of tea (200) and coffee (200) samples. Yeast cultures were identified at genus and species level by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry at the biobank laboratory of the Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 37 Candida isolates were clearly identified by MALDI-TOF (MS) and revealed 11 species of Candida: C. krusei (21.6%), C. tropicalis (18.9%), C. parapsilosis (16.2%), C. guilliermondii (16.2%), C. pelliculosa (8.1%), C. dubliniensis (5.4%), C. rugosa (2.7%), C. kefyr (2.7%), C. silvicola (2.7%), C. lusitaniae (2.7%) and C. orthopsilosis (2.7%). The results showed that C. krusei and C. tropicalis were the dominant yeasts in hot beverages from street vendors. Candida species were more isolated in tea (10%) than in coffee (8.5%). C. tropicalis, C. pelliculosa and C. krusei were more isolated in Cocody. C. guilliermondii and C. parapsilosis were more isolated in Port-Bouët. C. dubliniensis was only isolated in Yopougon town. The presence of Candida spp. in street hot beverages could cause a sanitary risk to consumers or be used as a novel source for biotechnological uses to be explored in future work.

Aims: The aim of this study was to characterize fluoroquinolone resistance genes in enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, isolated in Abidjan. Place and Duration of Study: Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire and research unit on emerging tropical infectious diseases of Aix-Marseille University from January 2017 at July 2017. Methodology: The study included 90 enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases isolated from biological products from various hospital services in Abidjan. These strains have been pre-identified and stored at the Center for Biological Resources (CeReB) of Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire. The identification of the strains was confirmed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF (MS) and the antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using Müeller Hinton's agar diffusion method. The fluoroquinolone resistant genes were detected by conventional PCR and then, sequenced. Results: The strains studied were Escherichia coli (44), Klebsiella pneumoniae (31) and Enterobacter cloacae (15). High resistance rates to ceftriaxone (96.7%), cefotaxime (95.6%), aztreonam (95.6%) and cefoxitin (72.2%) were observed in all strains producing broad spectrum β-lactamases. The resistance rate to fluororquinolones represented by ciprofloxacin was 86.7%. The fluoroquinolone resistance genes detected were qnr A (3.3%) and qnr B (42.2%). Sequencing identified the qnr A1 (3.3%), qnr B1 (31.1%), qnr B6 (2.2%) and qnr B7 (1.1%) genes. Conclusion: This study made it possible to identify fluoroquinolone resistance genes in enterobacteriaceae producing β-lactamases which have an extended spectrum in Abidjan.

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